达摩俱乐部
    • Create new note
    • Create a note from template
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
      • Invitee
    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Engagement control
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Save as template
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Sharing URL Create Help
Create Create new note Create a note from template
Menu
Options
Versions and GitHub Sync Engagement control Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
Invitee
Publish Note

Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
Your note is now live.
This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
See published notes
Unpublish note
Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
View profile
Engagement control
Commenting
Permission
Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Enable
Permission
  • Forbidden
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Suggest edit
Permission
Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Enable
Permission
  • Forbidden
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
Emoji Reply
Enable
Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
   owned this note    owned this note      
Published Linked with GitHub
Subscribed
  • Any changes
    Be notified of any changes
  • Mention me
    Be notified of mention me
  • Unsubscribe
Subscribe
--- layout: post title: "「原创」微博爱国党盛行,我们无需痛恨,更无需绝望----自下而上的民主转型与临界点模型" date: 2019-10-06 author: 懦夫斯基 tags: [原创, 理论, 舆论, 政治学] from: https://web.archive.org/web/20191110033536/https://pincong.rocks/article/6119 hackmd: yjXMxvrDSXC-_8XgfNVpHA comments: true --- **目标读者**:刚开始接触自由世界政治讨论,对政治理论几乎一无所知的新难民。 为什么革命十分罕见,而且无法预测?可又为什么说独裁政权是纸老虎? **集体行动困境** 集体行动,是个社会学概念,不是小红班里春节包饺子那个集体行动,也不是小明公司团建那个集体行动。集体行动是指,一群个人或者社团追求某个共同目标,通常,这个目标是为了某项公众利益。 公众利益有两个特征,非排他性,非竞争性。\ 非排他性:不能把某些人排除在外,不让他们享受这个公众利益。\ 非竞争性:不论多少人享受这个公众利益,大家享受到的都不变。公众利益不是分蛋糕,不会因为人多了,每个人就少享受,也不会因为人少了,每个人就多享受。\ 举个例子,消防队,自然保护区,民主制度。 **搭便车问题**\ 雷锋精神是反人类的。在一个群体中,单独的个体不愿意为了所有人都能受惠的公众利益付出代价。如果能够不付出代价就享受好处,谁都愿意。但是这样以来,就没有人愿意主动付出代价了。 假设有个群体,一共N个人。\ 如果K个人愿意付出代价,或者说参与建设,公众利益就能实现。\ 这项公众利益对每个人的好处大小记为B.\ 参与建设公众利益的代价大小记为C.\ 预设B>C,也就是说公众利益利大于弊。 你收到一张传单,明天有一场示威集会,要求民主,你要不要参与?\ 这天晚上,某种神秘的力量出现,你知道其他人打算怎么做了。 情况1:参加者不到(K-1)个。\ 即使你参加了,公众利益也不会实现。选择参与的收益是-C,选择不参与收益是0.\ 0总比-C大,所以,收益最高的选择是不参与。\ 你应该把传单扔进垃圾桶,继续在学习强国签到。 情况2:参与者正好有(K-1)个。\ 如果你参加,参与者就达到了K个,公众利益可以实现,你的收益是B-C.\ 如果你不参加,参与者不够,公共利益没有实现,但是你也没有付出代价,你的收益是0.\ B-C大于0,收益最高的选择是参与。\ 你应该通宵做好标语,翘班参加明天的活动。 情况3:参与者有K个甚至更多。\ 如果你参加,公众利益可以实现,你的收益是B-C.\ 如果你不参加,参与者也足够实现公众利益了,你不需要付出代价,收益是B.\ B大于B-C,收益最高的选择是不参与。\ 你应该把传单扔进垃圾桶,躺在床上等着民主从天上掉下来。 现实生活中,神秘力量并不存在,第二天情况到底是怎样的,完全取决于你的主观判断。\ 如果大家都觉得是情况1,那么谁也不会参加。如果大家都觉得是情况3,最终同样没人参加。\ **为了实现公众利益,必须正好有K个人愿意参与,并坚信只有他们会参与。** 决定集体行动成功的因素有很多,其中最主要的有两个: K和N的差距;人群总数N. 如果K=N,也就是说,必须全员参与才能成功,情况3根本不存在,那么就没有搭便车的空间。\ 如果K<N,那就有了搭便车的空间。K与N的差距越大,搭便车的空间就越大。\ 现实生活中,K=N的情况几乎不存在,搭便车的空间永远存在。\ **K与N的差距越小,就越容易达成集体行动。** 人群总数N的大小也很重要。\ 一方面,它影响了你对自己重要程度的判断。如果一个群体只有二十个人,你肯定觉得自己参与与否很重要;如果有一千个人,你可能就会想,我参不参与,其实根本看不出来吧。\ 另一方面,人群越大,就越难监督有谁搭便车,难以惩罚搭便车的人。小班教学时,你肯定要按时出勤、认真听讲,但是阶梯教室的大课,你肯定逃过,至少悄悄玩过手机。\ **人群数量越大,就越难克服集体行动的困境。** 由此,可以得出一个违反直觉的结论,在一定范围内,人数少的小集体可能比人数多的大集体更有行动力。\ 独裁政权下,虽然大部分人都会因为推翻独裁而受益,但是这并不意味着人们一定就愿意参与行动达到这个目标。更重要的是,在独裁政权下,我们不光没有神秘力量,甚至连民意调查都没有,那么人们怎么预判未来到底是情况1,2,还是3呢?无从知晓。\ 此时,是否参与集体行动,成了一个新的谜团。 **临界点模型**\ 接下来我们看看1989年东欧剧变,临界点模型可以解释东欧剧变为什么突如其来,一发不可收拾。\ 在八十年代的东欧社会主义国家,每个人都要公开选择,支持独裁政权,还是反对独裁政权,没有中间地带,没有沉默的选项。\ 对独裁政权的态度分成了两个,明面上的态度,私下真实的态度。\ 说谎很累人,得不偿失,在言论自由的社会,人们更愿意保持诚实。但是在独裁政权下,表达反对意见很危险,所以人们在明面上表达态度时,经常选择弄虚作假。 民众示威抗议的规模,会决定个体是否愿意参加,公开表达不满。抗议规模越大,政府就越难监视、惩罚每个个体,正所谓法不责众。\ 抗议规模大到让某个人愿意加入,表达真实异见,我们把这个抗议规模叫作**革命阈值**。如果你不喜欢文绉绉的词,就叫它"心里的那个坎儿"。显然,每个人心里那道坎儿不一样,有的人天生反骨,以反对政府为己任,有的人就是奴性不改,半条棉被也要送给红军,更多的人在中间,随大流,别人抗议那我也抗议,大家都忍着我就忍着。 在一个社会里,大家的革命阈值在哪里,直接决定了会不会发生革命。\ 所有人的革命阈值,我们用这种形式表示:\ 社会A={0, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}\ 最开始,只有一个人会抗议,没有人响应。\ 她死得无声无息。 变动一点点。社会A'={0,**1**,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10}\ 最开始那个天生反骨的人出来抗议了。她站出来后,抗议者数量达到了1,革命阈值等于1的人有一个,他也站了出来。抗议者数量达到了2,革命阈值等于2的有一个,也站了出来......最终,社会的10个人中,9个人都会抗议。\ 一个人的参与导致了另一个人的参与,这种革命行动的连锁反应,叫revolutionary cascade,实际上,共产党曾经用过这个词,**革命大串联**。如今党国的智库反倒用了很多晦涩的翻译,什么革命瀑布、革命级联、革命流,真是忘本了。 我们再看看另一个国家。\ 社会B={0, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}\ 第一个人依旧死得无声无息。\ 变动一点点。社会B'={0, **1**, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}\ 只有两个人抗议,革命大串联并没有发生。\ 社会A和B的变动是一样的,都是把第二反动派的革命阈值下降了一点。然而,社会B发生了一些抗议,但是最终并没有成功。经济衰退、结构性变革可能会降低部分人的革命阈值,但是不一定会引发革命,这取决于整个社会革命阈值如何分布。 虚报政治立场,意味着外部的观察者不知道,这个社会的革命阈值到底如何分布。甚至这个社会内部成员也不知道社会革命阈值分布的情况。因此,这个不透明的社会也许就在革命前夕,但是谁也不知道。 我们说习近平把左派右派、穷人富人都得罪了个遍,实际上是在说,几乎所有人的革命阈值都下降了。 同时,我们要注意到,虚报政治立场反过来也是成立的。随着革命大串联的进行,独裁政权的支持者可能内心依然怀恋独裁和特权,但是为了避免日后清算,会选择加入民主阵营。民主人士在独裁政权下会虚报政治立场,独裁拥护者在民主政权下也同样会虚报政治立场。 这意味着,我们甚至不需要争取9个人的真心反对,就能达成革命大串联。 诸君在党国生活,自然很熟悉什么叫两面人。也许以前可以做一个岁月静好党,但是如今,几乎每个人都要被迫站队,连党内高层都要虚与委蛇。看见表忠心的言论时,不必气愤,那是眼见为实的证据:全民虚报政治立场的时代已经到来,而所有人的心里那个坎儿,都越来越低了。 参考资料 1. 油管:苏联1990年大阅兵 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxZux1KLhAQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxZux1KLhAQ) 2. Principles of Comparative Politics, Chapter 8: Democratic Transitions [https://books.google.com/books/about/Principles_of_Comparative_Politics.html?id=2KFvJwi8_jwC](https://books.google.com/books/about/Principles_of_Comparative_Politics.html?id=2KFvJwi8_jwC) 3. 博讯新闻网:智库观察:中国社会变革迫近临界点 [https://www.boxun.com/news/gb/china/2013/03/201303091321.shtml](https://www.boxun.com/news/gb/china/2013/03/201303091321.shtml) 难民迎新系列: - [中文世界政治立场颜色一览](https://pincong.rocks/article/2821) - [左-右政治光谱及中共对其畸化](https://pincong.rocks/article/2881) ###### tags: `原创` `理论` `舆论` `政治学`

Import from clipboard

Paste your markdown or webpage here...

Advanced permission required

Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

This team is disabled

Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

This note is locked

Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

Reach the limit

Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

Import from Gist

Import from Snippet

or

Export to Snippet

Are you sure?

Do you really want to delete this note?
All users will lose their connection.

Create a note from template

Create a note from template

Oops...
This template has been removed or transferred.
Upgrade
All
  • All
  • Team
No template.

Create a template

Upgrade

Delete template

Do you really want to delete this template?
Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

This page need refresh

You have an incompatible client version.
Refresh to update.
New version available!
See releases notes here
Refresh to enjoy new features.
Your user state has changed.
Refresh to load new user state.

Sign in

Forgot password

or

By clicking below, you agree to our terms of service.

Sign in via Facebook Sign in via Twitter Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
Wallet ( )
Connect another wallet

New to HackMD? Sign up

Help

  • English
  • 中文
  • Français
  • Deutsch
  • 日本語
  • Español
  • Català
  • Ελληνικά
  • Português
  • italiano
  • Türkçe
  • Русский
  • Nederlands
  • hrvatski jezik
  • język polski
  • Українська
  • हिन्दी
  • svenska
  • Esperanto
  • dansk

Documents

Help & Tutorial

How to use Book mode

Slide Example

API Docs

Edit in VSCode

Install browser extension

Contacts

Feedback

Discord

Send us email

Resources

Releases

Pricing

Blog

Policy

Terms

Privacy

Cheatsheet

Syntax Example Reference
# Header Header 基本排版
- Unordered List
  • Unordered List
1. Ordered List
  1. Ordered List
- [ ] Todo List
  • Todo List
> Blockquote
Blockquote
**Bold font** Bold font
*Italics font* Italics font
~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
19^th^ 19th
H~2~O H2O
++Inserted text++ Inserted text
==Marked text== Marked text
[link text](https:// "title") Link
![image alt](https:// "title") Image
`Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
```javascript
var i = 0;
```
var i = 0;
:smile: :smile: Emoji list
{%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
$L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
:::info
This is a alert area.
:::

This is a alert area.

Versions and GitHub Sync
Get Full History Access

  • Edit version name
  • Delete

revision author avatar     named on  

More Less

Note content is identical to the latest version.
Compare
    Choose a version
    No search result
    Version not found
Sign in to link this note to GitHub
Learn more
This note is not linked with GitHub
 

Feedback

Submission failed, please try again

Thanks for your support.

On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

 

Thanks for your feedback

Remove version name

Do you want to remove this version name and description?

Transfer ownership

Transfer to
    Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

      Link with GitHub

      Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
      • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
      • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
      Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

      Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

        Authorize again
       

      Choose which file to push to

      Select repo
      Refresh Authorize more repos
      Select branch
      Select file
      Select branch
      Choose version(s) to push
      • Save a new version and push
      • Choose from existing versions
      Include title and tags
      Available push count

      Pull from GitHub

       
      File from GitHub
      File from HackMD

      GitHub Link Settings

      File linked

      Linked by
      File path
      Last synced branch
      Available push count

      Danger Zone

      Unlink
      You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

      Syncing

      Push failed

      Push successfully