教育政策暨行政
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    {%hackmd SybccZ6XD %} ###### tags: `教育哲學` [TOC] # 存在主義 - 緣起 - 戰火蹂躪亦發使人重視生命意義的尋求 - 工業化泯滅人性,刺激存在主義者尋求生命的新意義 - 存在意義/存在處境 - 真誠勇敢面對自己/選擇成為自己(貼近現代人孤獨、徬徨、無助而焦慮的心 - 代表人物:尼采、沙特、卡繆、馬塞爾、海德格 # 尼采 - 《查拉圖斯特如是說》 - 上帝已死 - 強力批判西方傳統的基督教文化,主張人可以靠要積極主動去追尋,已彰顯個人存在的價值,即發揮人的衝動力,不斷自我超越,成為超人。 - 存在就是把生命表現出來 # 祈克果 - 個人存在:強調個人的自由選擇,主張**我則故我在**、**存在先於本質**。 - 三種存在層次 - 1.生理感性:求一己的滿足 - 2.倫理制度:想到他人的存在 - 3.宗教:人必須認同神的存在,是人最完美的存在。 - 強調自由抉擇的主觀個人,反對順從客觀與科學導向的世界 - 知識論觀點: - 主張真理的主觀性,主觀真理即個人所吸收體驗的真理,**一個對我為真的真理**、**我可為之生,為之死的真理**。 # 海德格 - 《存有與時間》 - 沙特把他跟自己規在「無神論存在主義」 (PS雅士培和馬塞爾屬「無神論存在主義」 - 海德格說自己是等待神的來臨-人是走向死亡的存有者(EX:心靈雞湯「凡人皆有死」) - 1.存有者(bsings)≠存有(Being) - 凡一切存在之物皆可稱為存有者 - 存有≠存有者性(beingness) - 存有=種生生不息的動力來源 - EX:《老子》-「道」:萬事萬物皆有某種規律貨規則,但是「道」不只是抽象的規律(EX:1+1=2),「道」本身具有獨立超越的力量 - 2.人是「會提出存有問題」的存有者 - 人的「存在狀態」:把握與理解存有 - 3.人的存在狀態(此有/時間) - (具體生命的特性) - 人=此有(存有者在此being-here) - 人的生命在此時此地的當下是開放的,是可以做選擇的,選擇是一種可能性,所以「時間」是關鍵 - 時間=「存有領悟」的條件 - 人的特性在於對時間的意識,在過去、現在、未來的時間之流中,如果不想渾渾噩噩的過日子,就必須體認到「自我抉擇」的迫切性,也就是要「真誠的面對自己」 - 4.面對生命意義的內在要求=良知的呼喚(掛念/非本真/死亡憂懼) - (1)在世存有者:掛念 - 人要走出自己、轉向世界,成為「在世存有者」 - 「對於世界,我要照顧;對於別人,我要關心;對於子我,我要警覺自我的存在到底是甚麼」 - (2)非本真狀態 - 「此有」因為「掛念」易陷入「分本真狀態」 - 很多時候,人活著好像在應付別人,好像永遠不用真誠面對自己一樣 - (3)死亡:憂懼 - 5.採取立場(屬於自己/此有VC存有) - 良知的呼喚要人採取甚麼立場? - 選擇做自己-屬於自己 - 「此有」像「存有本身」開放 - 「存有本身」透過「此有」展現出來 - (1)道家的「道」 (心靈提升) - (2)佛法(修行悟道) - (3)上帝(宗教信仰) # 沙特 - 1946《存在主義是一種人文主義》 # 課堂討論個人見解: - 個別化教育方案(IEP): - 針對『每一位』身心障礙且具有特殊教育或相關服務需求之學生所擬定(以學生為中心) - 重視每一位學生獨特個性的發展 - 重表達 - 心理諮商: - 幫助個案在生命經驗裡找到新的意義,協助個案利用找到的新意義,再次設定生活目標而因此減少空虛、焦慮、恐懼等情緒 - 職涯諮商: - 類上述心理諮商

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