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    # **半導體製程學習筆記** - @hby - 以下圖文內容參考至[清大吳永俊教授影片](https://youtube.com/channel/UC6kua40cP859AAw5hh4XJUQ),建議可以看影片搭配筆記使用。 - <style>@keyframes rainbow { from { color: #428bca; letter-spacing: 0; } to { color: #428bca; letter-spacing: 0.3em; } }</style> <b style="display: block; text-align: left; animation: 3s ease alternate rainbow infinite;">僅 用 以 學 習 非 營 利 用 途。</b> ## **相關技術重點節錄** - Ep3: [Tech Node vs. Lg](https://hackmd.io/@hby/B1pI7zFps) - Ep4:[Thermal Process](https://hackmd.io/@hby/SJDiVflA9) - Ep8:[Iron Implantation](https://hackmd.io/@hby/rJaJWMHAc) - Ep9:[Etching Process](https://hackmd.io/@hby/ByftVTCTc) - Ep10:[CVD/PVD](https://hackmd.io/@hby/B1CvQMRp5) - Ep20:[Why PolySi &rarr; HKMG](https://hackmd.io/@hby/rypTWoL42) - Ep31,34:[Why Planar &rarr; FinFET](https://hackmd.io/@hby/HkLIh4QDn) - Ep35:[Why FinFET &rarr; GAA](https://hackmd.io/@hby/BJGidk-D3) - Ep36:[Complimentary FET](https://hackmd.io/@hby/S1dCH6xw3) ## **半導體** ~Ep1~ - 能隙:絕緣體>半導體>金屬。Si能隙:0.5~3eV。絕緣體因為band gap大無法從valence band跳到conduction band。 - n/p半導體:3價B參雜(通常不會參雜Al或Ga,雖為半導體,但帶有金屬特性,稱半金屬)到Si得p型半導體;5價As或P參雜Si得n型半導體。 - why Si:鑽石排列強韌(共價鍵)、地表含量豐富且不貴、有良好的熱穩定性(thermal stability)、容易形成SiO~2~(廣泛用於矽基的半導體上)、SiO~2~(Silicon dioxide)是良好絕緣材料。 ## **MOS** - Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor - 金屬氧化物半導體 - 有nMOS與pMOS - CMOS(Complementary MOS)由一個nMOS與pMOS組成。==只有在狀態改變時才會耗電(動態功率耗損),可以讓整體元件更省電== ![](https://i.imgur.com/QgHGssB.png =450x225) ## **FEOL** ~Ep11-12~ - front-end-of-line - 無金屬,是電晶體(transistor)製程。 ### 1. STI - [Sideshare English version](https://www.slideshare.net/shudhanshu29/device-isolation-techniques) - Shallow Trench Isolation - 其shallow是相對LOCOS來說 - ==為元件(nFET/pFET)之間絕緣結構== - 步驟 - (1) 前置處理:由下到上為矽基板(Si Substrate) &rarr; 墊氧化層(pad ox本質為SiO~2~) &rarr; SiN (化學式Si~3~N~4~) &rarr; 光阻(photoresist PR) &rarr; 抗反射塗層(anti-reflective coating ARC)。塗在光阻之上稱為TARC、光阻之下的稱為BARC。 - 於矽基板上以熱氧化(thermal process)方式長一層墊氧化層,用來避免SiN沉積與去除時受到污染,且因nitride對Si應力大,如直接沉積會造成矽晶圓破裂)。墊氧化層上再以化學氣相沉積(CVD)方式長一層SiN作為蝕刻的硬遮罩(hardmask HM),因為光阻是有機材料,反應性離子蝕刻(乾式蝕刻)會有氬離子轟擊,一般光阻難擋,同時也作為CMP的stop layer。 最後再旋塗PR與ARC。 - (2) 乾式蝕刻:對沒被光阻覆蓋到的蝕刻,蝕刻完將光阻去除。 - (3) 氧化物填充:熱處理方式長一層氧化層(Liner),再用CVD方法填SiO~2~。 - (4) 氧化層研磨與SiN去除:以CMP方式研磨,再用熱磷酸以濕式蝕刻方式去除SiN。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/zQIAdv6.jpg =450x225) ### 2. Well (&rarr;SSR Well) - 調整臨界電壓V~th~ - NMOS:npn,p就是井製程。 - CMOS:先做n well再做p well。 - 步驟 - (1) 長犧牲氧化層(SAC oxide):因pad ox在STI程序中有相當程度受損,故用稀釋的氫氟酸(diluted HF)將其去除後,再長一層氧化層(稱SAC oxide),避免離子植入時Si受損外,同時也可作為遮幕氧化層(screen oxide),助控制離子植入參雜之深度(要長淺一點的well,SAC oxide就長厚一點)。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/Vg8Y4H6.jpg =225x150) - (補充)離子佈值要避免通道效應,方法有2:7度斜打或是長screen oxide(非晶的氧化矽) - (2) n well形成:先微影,再用離子植入機(implantor)植入P或As(以濃度1E17~1E18 cm^3^)。for pMOS - ![](https://i.imgur.com/UwfStGC.jpg =225x150) - (3) p well形成:先微影,再植入B。for nMOS - ![](https://i.imgur.com/Go6xvVj.jpg =225x150) - (4) 熱退火(Rapid Thermal Anneal RTA):用以修補植入時造成的損害以及雜質活化(dopant activation) ### 3. Gate Oxide (&rarr;HK) - ==GOX 閘極氧化層。是整個MOSFET的心臟,品質好壞影響IC運作。== - 泡HF,把SAC oxide去除後,長dry oxide。其中 oxide長速度越慢品質越好 。品質dry oxidation > wet oxidation > LPCVD or CVD長的oxide。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/SzuABJk.jpg =225x150) ### 4. PolySilicon Gate (&rarr;MG) - 多晶矽閘極 - 步驟 - (1) 沉積一層未參雜多晶矽(undoped poly-si) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/izbRDRH.jpg =225x150) - (2) 高濃度N型多晶矽(N^+^ poly-si)之微影與As或P植入,再移除光阻。for nFET - ![](https://i.imgur.com/07Marwt.jpg =225x150) - (3) 高濃度P型多晶矽(P^+^ poly-si)之微影與B植入,再移除光阻,最後再進行熱退火,防止硼滲透(boron penetration),因B於高溫容易擴散。for pFET - ![](https://i.imgur.com/fFLnVQ7.jpg =450x225) - (補充)nFET用N^+^ poly-Si gate;pFET用P^+^ poly-Si gate是為了==臨界電壓對稱 V~tn~=|V~tp~|==。 - (4) 因為有pn junction,因此要做多晶矽微影與蝕刻,再把光阻去除。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/hsADSBQ.jpg =450x150) ### 5. LDD (&rarr;S/D extension) - Lightly Doped Drain 輕參雜汲極 - 產生梯度結構,使Gate與Drain接面的峰值電場下降。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/t17uL87.jpg =450x450) - 防止熱載子效應(如果沒做LDD,高濃度參雜與npn會形成很大的電場。電子從Source往Drain,因為電場太大可能散射,且遠大於熱能,就會往GOX走,把GOX打壞,加上Gate會導電,進而影響電晶體效能) - 步驟 - (1) N-LDD:僅在P^+^區(pMOS)上光罩,N^+^區(nMOS)不用(self-aligned或稱mask free),接著微影後,再植入濃度1E18~1E19cm^-3^的As或P,最後移除光阻。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/UpsE6bA.jpg =450x225) - (2) P-LDD:只在N^+^區上光罩。相同步驟,改植入B。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/JHb9EJJ.jpg =459x225) ### 6. Spacer - 步驟 - (1) 以CVD方式沉積SiO~2~或SiN。 - (2) 用乾式蝕刻垂直做非等向性蝕刻去除氧化層,直到蝕刻到Si停止。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/s4nBpov.jpg =450x225) ### 7. S/D implantation (&rarr;Raised S/D) - 相對LDD,做高濃度參雜1E20 cm^-3^。 - 深度比LDD略深。 - 步驟 - (1) N^+^ S/D:同LDD步驟。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/zsitxzi.jpg =450x225) - (2) P^+^ S/D:同LDD步驟。最後再熱退火,防止B滲透與其他雜質向外擴散。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/EKKIiUa.jpg =450x225) ### 8. Metal Silicide - 提高Si與後續金屬材料沉積之間的附著性與降低電阻值。 - 步驟 - (1) 以PVD的濺鍍方式沉積Ti,再將TiN沉積在上(防止熱退火時通的氮氣過度消耗Ti)。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/O79lPKe.jpg =225x150) - (2) 進行第一次快速熱處理(RTP),在充滿氮氣的高溫下使Ti與Si以self-aligned方式形成TiSi~2~。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/2A4QZWe.jpg =225x150) - (3) TiN與多餘的Ti移除後,進行第二次RTP,使TiSi~2~阻值再降低,最後再清洗晶圓。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/oUhNi6U.jpg =225x150) - (補充):目前Ti採ALD,來克服Ti晶粒尺寸過大問題。 ## **BEOL** ~Ep13~ - 金屬化製程 metallization ### 1. ILD - 以CVD方式沉積磷矽玻璃PSG(用來捕捉Na、K等鹼金族離子)後再CMP平坦化形成ILD(Interlayer Delietric介電層)。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/DGpJOvv.jpg =450x150) ### 2. Contact - 步驟 - (1) 做Contact的微影與蝕刻,再將光阻移除。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/1TKXp8D.jpg =225x150) - (2) 做鎢的栓塞(Tungsten Plug,M0):先以濺鍍方式沉積Ti作為黏合層(adhesion layer),再沉積TiN在Ti上作為W沉積後的擴散阻擋層(barrier layer),最後再以CVD方式沉積W。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/zmf9hOs.jpg =225x150) - (補充) Contact處截面積小導致電流密度大,易發生電子遷移(電子撞擊金屬造成金屬晶體結構產生變化。eletron migration EM)。雖W阻值高,但因為結構緻密且原子序大,用以防止電子遷移。 ### 3. Metal-1 (M1) - 先以CVD方式沉積USG(未參雜的氧化層)進行微影蝕刻,去光阻後,再沉積Cu並進行CMP平坦化。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/3c0iwp5.jpg =300x100) - why Cu?降低阻值與時間延遲(RC time delay)以及不易有電子遷移效應(W>Cu>Al) ### 4. IMD-1 (&rarr;low-k) - 以CVD方式沉積USG(PECVD方式長SiO~2~),再用CMP平坦化。跟ILD不同處在於第二層之後就沒有雜質。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/MfICNQl.jpg =225x150) ### 5. Via-1 & Metal-2 - 步驟 - (1) 沉積SiN,再微影與蝕刻後移除光阻。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/cY8m1dO.jpg =225x150) - (2) 沉積USG,進行Via-1微影與蝕刻後移除光阻。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/sLZ69xx.jpg =225x150) - (3) 以PVD方式沉積Ta作為黏合層,再沉積TaN作為Cu的擴散阻擋層(防止Cu橫向擴散)。 - (4) 沉積Cu填充Via-1與M2,再用CMP平坦化。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/xtbq8Dx.jpg =450x150) - Via(micron等級)孔洞相對M0(電晶體小 &rarr; M0小。nano等級)很大,因此不需要用到W。 ### 5. Metal-n - 同Via-1 & Metal-2步驟。 ### 6. Passivation - 保護層。 - 先沉積PSG(捕捉室內與K等鹼金屬離子),再沉積SiN(防止外界水氣入侵)。 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/LqBrUhO.jpg =225x225)

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