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    # 投資型保單概論 ###### tags: `Insurance` `document` 我想很多人知道保險是什麼,但是結合投資到底是怎樣的概念?這樣的保險對我們有什麼好處?為什麼會有投資型保險?今天就為各位介紹投資型保單。 ## 保險最主要分為兩類 ### 人身保險 是以『人』為保障標的物,簡稱為「人身險」,就是大家常聽到的意外險、壽險、醫療險…等。 ### 產物保險 是以『物』為保障標的物,簡稱為「產險」,就是大家一定要保的汽、機車責任險或車體險。 ## 投資型保險 投資型保險是以壽險為主軸,結合包含證券投資及資產管理的特色,組合成為兼具保險保障與投資理財功能。( 詳見右圖 ) ## 傳統保險vs 投資型保險 |項目|傳統保險商品| 投資型保險商品| |-|-|-| |**保單功能**| 提供被保人保障 |提供被保人保障+投資| |**資金運用方式**| 由保險公司決定 |由要保人決定| |**投資風險** |保險公司承擔 |大部分或全部由要保人承擔| |**保單價值** |保證 |通常沒有保證| |**保險金額** |固定 |不固定| |**保險費交付** |定期、定額| 保費具彈性,金額可調整| |**費用透明度** |較不透明| 較透明| |**投資資產之管理**|一般帳戶|**一般帳戶**:保險公司所收費用<BR>包含:附加費用、危險保險費、保單管理、解約費用</BR><BR>**專設帳戶**:保單帳戶價值</BR>| ## 傳統保險商品 投保人與保險人於投保當時既已約定,保險公司保證每年的保單價值,且身故(或全殘)保險金就是保險金額。 ## 投資型保險商品 保單價值會隨著投資績效的變化而變動,故身故(或全殘)保險金亦跟著保單價值的變化而變動。 投資型保單帳戶分為一般帳戶與專設帳戶,即保戶繳納之保費,依照特定之規則分配於此兩個帳戶。 **專設帳戶**:專設帳戶的資產歸保戶所有並不屬於保險公司,保險公司若經營發生困難、喪失清償力或破產時,投資型保單專設帳簿的資產,不會被保險公司倒閉所拖累,也不受保險公司債權人的扣押或追償。 ## 投資型保單 VS 共同基金或其他投資工具 |差異項目| 投資型保單| 一般投資工具| 原因| |-|-|-|-| |費用|較高|較低|投資型保單同時包含投資管理費及服務費,故費用率往往高於其他投資工具 |稅負優惠 |較優 |較差 |1. 保險股服可免繳所得稅及遺產稅,可使投資報酬率增加。<BR>2. 稅負遞延效果使投資報酬率提高。</BR>| |保障功能| 有 |無 |一般投資工具不等於保險,無保障功能。| ### 傳統保險商品 投保人與保險人於投保當時既已約定,保險公司保證每年的保單價值,且身故(或全殘)保險金就是保險金額。 ### 投資型保險商品 保單價值會隨著投資績效的變化而變動,故身故(或全殘)保險金亦跟著保單價值的變化而變動。 # 什麼是投資型保單? 『投資型保單』是結合 **『保險』** 與 **『投資』** 二種功能的保險商品,有下列幾種特色: * **盈虧自負**: 投資收益或虧損,大部分或全部由保戶自行承擔。 * **專設帳簿**: 投資型保險商品分為 **一般帳戶** 、 **專設帳簿**(俗稱分離帳戶)進行管理。 * **費用揭露**: 投資型保險商品的相關費用,必須透明公開,讓保戶充分了解保費結構 * **繳費彈性**: 可以依自身狀況調整費用 ### 投資型保單有哪些類型? ![](https://i.imgur.com/K5vH84i.png) #### 萬能壽險 VS 萬能變額壽險 兩者擁有共同的特色: * 透明化費用 * 彈性繳費、增減保險金額 * 只要保單價值能支付保險成本,保險契約就不會停 兩者差別: |項目| 萬能壽險 | 變額萬能壽險 | | -------- | -------- |--| |資產管理| 一般帳戶 | 分離帳戶 | |資產運用|保險公司|保戶自行決定| |風險承擔|保險公司|保戶自行承擔| 保單價值計算: > 保單價值計算,假設購買一張投資型保險商品,保險金額為20萬元,年繳保費為12萬,扣掉附加費用及其他費用,還剩10萬元,如選擇50%投資債券基金,50%投資股票基金。一年後債券賺得5%報酬,股票賺得10%報酬,投資本金將會由10萬增加至10.75萬(50000\*5%+50000\*7%=7500,100000+7500=107500),這就是他的保單價值。 > *有關保單所有扣除之費用,以各公司保單實際規定而計算* ### 傳統型保單 VS 投資型保單 | 項目 | 傳統型保單 | 投資型保單 | | -------- | -------- | -------- | |功能|保險保障|保險保障+投資| |保險費交付|定期定額|得由保戶需求調整| | 資金運用方式 | 由保險公司全權運用 | 由保戶自行選擇投資組合 | |投資風險|保險公司承擔|保戶自行承擔| |保單價值|保險公司保證|依保戶投資標的之報酬率| |費用透明度|較不透明|較透明| |投資資產之管理|一般帳戶|**一般帳戶**:保險公司所收相關費用 <BR> 包含:附加費用、危險保險費、保單管理費、解約費用</BR><BR>**專設帳簿**:保單帳戶價值</BR>| #### 傳統保險商品 投保人與保險人於投保當時既已約定,保險公司保證每年的保單價值,且身故(或全殘)保險金就是保險金額。 #### 投資型保險商品 保單價值會隨著投資績效的變化而變動,故身故(或全殘)保險金亦跟著保單價值的變化而變動。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/3mxC0yG.png) ### 投資型保險包含的投資標的 投資型保險契約所提供連結之投資標的及專設帳簿之運用,除要保人以保險契約約定委任保險人權權決定運用標的者外,以下列為限: 1. 銀行存款 2. 證券投資信託基金受益憑證 3. 境外基金 4. 共同信託基金受益證券 5. 依不動產證券化條例所發行之不動產投資信託,受益證券或不動產資產信託受益證券 6. 依金融資產證券化條例所發行之受益證券或資產基礎證券。 7. 各國中央政府發行之公債、國庫券。 8. 金融債券 9. 公開發行之有擔保公司債,或經評等為相當等級以上之公司所發行之公司債,外國證券集中交易市場、店頭市場交易之公司債。 10. 結構型商品 11. 美國聯邦國國民抵押貸款協會、聯邦住宅抵押貸款公司及美國政府國民抵押貸款協會所發行或保證之不動產抵押債權證券。 12. 其他經主管機關核準之投資標的。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/wlKe8ty.png) #### 共同基金 共同基金是由證券投資信託公司(一般稱為基金公司)以發行受益憑證的方式,募集多數人的資金交由專家去投資運用,最大的特色在於投資風險的分散及節省投資成本,是共同承擔風險、共同分享投資利潤的投資方式 * 股票型基金 * 債券型基金 * 平衡型基金 * 貨幣型基金 * 組合型基金 * 不動產證券化型基金 * 傘型基金 消費者與保險公司與基金公司三者之間的關係: ![](https://i.imgur.com/58yxcn4.png) #### 全權委託投資帳戶 #### 結構型債券 發行或保證機構將固定收益商品與衍生性商品組合而成後發行之債券。 #### 股票指數型基金(ETF [Exchange Traded Fund] ) 追求某特定指數的績效,並且比照買賣股票交易模式的基金 [我國投資型保險商品發展介紹.pdf ](http://www.lia-roc.org.tw/index03/Invest.pdf) ### 商品基本型態 **最低滿期給付保證(guaranteed minimum maturity benefit;GMMB)** 投保人於保單契約期滿時, 保險契約給付上限來自於投資帳戶的價值,其下限則來自於契約上事先約定的保證金額。 意思是指如果投資收益高過於最低保證金,那保單價值金就以投資收益來算,反之,當投資受益低於最低保證金時,那保單價值金就是以最低保證金來算。 **最低死亡給付保證(guaranteed minimum death benefit;GMDB)** 投保人於契約有效期間內死亡時, 其死亡給付的上限來自於投資帳戶的價值, 其下限則來自於契約上事先約定的保證金額。 GMMB與GMDB間的差別在於: GMMB的滿期時間點為契約所規定的固定時間, 而GMDB的給付時間點為被保人死亡發生時間, 其為一隨機變數。 **最低提領給付保證(guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit;GMWB)** 提領分為特定時間提領保證, 以及特定金額提領保證。 前者無論被保人死亡與否, 提領期間受到契約保證。 後者則是無論投資帳戶內的餘額多寡, 投保人可以自投資帳戶定期提領固定的金額。 **最低提領給付保證 (guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit; 以下簡稱 GMWB)** 提領分為特定時間提領保證, 以及特定金額提領保證。 前者無論被保人死亡與否, 提領期間受到契約保證。 後者則是無論投資帳戶內的餘額多 寡, 投保人可以自投資帳戶定期提領固定的金額。

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