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layout: post
title: "「论文」哈佛、斯坦福和加州大学圣迭戈分校的三位政治学者对五毛的研究论文"
date: 2019-05-18
tags: [论文, 五毛党, 社交媒体, 舆论]
author: KP2020
from: https://web.archive.org/web/20190823123043/https://pincong.rocks/article/1636
hackmd: wIsd1Mm0RE6buVzCqWj9zg
comments: true
---
由哈佛、斯坦福、加州大学圣迭戈分校的三位政治学者对五毛的研究论文
## 中国政府如何编造社交媒体贴子以实现战略性的分心(歪楼)而非卷入争论
How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, not Engaged Argument
[https://gking.harvard.edu/files/gking/files/50c.pdf](https://gking.harvard.edu/files/gking/files/50c.pdf), [http://jenpan.com/jen_pan/50c.pdf](http://jenpan.com/jen_pan/50c.pdf)
Gary King† Jennifer Pan‡ Margaret E. Roberts§ April 9, 2017
(还记得这个Jennifer Pan吗?她就是那篇'中国意识形态光谱'的一作\
[Jennifer Pan, Yiqing Xu, "China's Ideological Spectrum"(《中国的意识形态光谱》)](http://jenpan.com/jen_pan/ideology.pdf))
**Abstract**
The Chinese government has long been suspected of hiring as many as 2,000,000 people to surreptitiously insert huge numbers of pseudonymous and other deceptive writings into the stream of real social media posts, as if they were the genuine opinions of ordinary people. Many academics, and most journalists and activists, claim that these so-called "50c party" posts vociferously argue for the government's side in political and policy debates. As we show, this is also true of the vast majority of posts openly accused on social media of being 50c. Yet, almost no systematic empirical evidence exists for this claim, or, more importantly, for the Chinese regime's strategic objective in pursuing this activity. In the first large scale empirical analysis of this operation, we show how to identify the secretive authors of these posts, the posts written by them, and their content. We estimate that the government fabricates and posts about 448 million social media comments a year. In contrast to prior claims, we show that the Chinese regime's strategy is to avoid arguing with skeptics of the party and the government, and to not even discuss controversial issues. We show that the goal of this massive secretive operation is instead to distract the public and change the subject, as most of the these posts involve cheerleading for China, the revolutionary history of the Communist Party, or other symbols of the regime. We discuss how these results fit with what is known about the Chinese censorship program, and suggest how they may change our broader theoretical understanding of "common knowledge" and information control in authoritarian regimes
**摘要**
长期以来,中国政府一直被怀疑雇用多达200万人,暗中将大量的假名和其他欺骗性文章插入真实的社交媒体帖子中,好像他们是普通人的真实意见。许多学者,以及大多数记者和活动家声称,这些所谓的"五毛"帖是在政治和政策辩论中大声帮政府争辩。如本文所示,在社交媒体上公开指责为五毛党的绝大多数帖子的确如此。然而,几乎没有任何系统的经验论证支持该主张,或更为重要的,中共政权进行这类活动的战略目标。在这篇针对这类行动的第一次大规模实证分析中,我们展示了如何识别这些帖子的秘密作者,他们撰写的帖子及其内容。我们估计政府每年制作和发布大约4.48亿社交媒体评论。**不同于现有的观点,我们表明中国政权的策略是避免与那些怀疑党和政府的人进行争论,甚至根本不去讨论那些有争议的问题。我们展示出这种大规模秘密行动的目标是分散公众注意力并改变话题,正如大多数这类帖子都涉及到为中国、共产党的革命历史、以及中共政权的其他象征符号加油喝彩。**我们讨论了本文的结果如何结合到目前已知的中国审查项目里,并对这些结果将会如何改变我们对于专制政权下的"公共知识"和信息控制的广义的理论性认识给出了建议。
目录
1. Introduction 介绍
2. What We Think We Know 我们以为我们知道什么\
3. Leaked Internet Propaganda Office Communications 泄漏的互联网宣传办公室通信\
4. Content of 50c Posts 五毛贴的内容\
5. Verification by Direct Survey 直接调查报告验证\
6. Size of the 50c Party 五毛党的体量\
7. What Might Be Wrong? 哪些东西可能是错的?\
8. Theoretical Implications 理论性启示\
9. Concluding Remarks 结论要点\
* Appendix A Categorization Scheme 附录A 分类方式\
* Appendix B An Unintended 'Survey' of the Chinese Government 附录B 关于中国政府的一份不经意调查
--更新--
**9 结论要点(机翻并经本人校验)**
学术界和政策制定者长期以来一直专注于有争议的物理空间,在这些空间中已经或可能会发生军事战争。例如,在南中国海,中国政权目前正在建造人工岛屿,美国正在进行军事演习,这两种演习都是非常昂贵的演出。跟那个焦点或许同样重要的是,**我们认为学者和政策制定者应该把更多的精力集中在中国互联网及其信息环境这个问题上,这是一个争夺中的虚拟空间,甚至可能比许多争夺中的物理空间更重要。**政府与人民之间的关系在这个空间中被定义,因此世界对这里发生的事情有着浓厚的兴趣。我们认为应该将更多的资源和研究用于这一领域。无论政府与其人民之间的适当关系如何,一个合理的立场是它该是开放和为人所知的。这是一个学术研究人员可以提供帮助的领域。通过付出巨大努力,他们可以为世界打开这些知识。我们希望其他人跟进我们在此报告的研究。
更具体地说,绝大多数记者,活动家,社交媒体参与者以及一些学者,直到现在都认为,50c大党致力于参与捍卫政权,领导人和政策的论点。我们的证据恰恰相反-50c党几乎没有参与任何形式的争论,而是主要致力于为国家,政权的象征或共产党的革命历史进行啦啦队。我们将这些活动解释为政权在战略上对(公众的)集体行动、不满、或普遍的负面反应等进行分散注意力的努力。
50c党似乎主要由政府雇员组成,他们在正常工作之外做兼职,而不是像一般人认为的,由普通公民为的零碎地报酬而工作。尽管如此,这仍然是一支庞大的劳动力队伍,我们估计每年可以产生4.48亿个五毛贴。我们发现他们的最大效率产生于当他们把帖子集中在适当的时机产生尖峰,并将大约一半的帖子引导到政府网站上的评论时。
**--Jennifer Pan的另几篇相关论文--**
[https://web.archive.org/web/20190519005725/http://jenpan.com/](https://web.archive.org/web/20190519005725/http://jenpan.com/)
1. Pan, Jennifer. 2019. "How Chinese Officials Use the Internet to Construct their Public Image." *Political Science Research and Methods* 7(2): 197-213. ([PDF](https://web.archive.org/web/20190519005725/http://jenpan.com/jen_pan/websites.pdf), [Appendix](https://web.archive.org/web/20190519005725/http://jenpan.com/jen_pan/websites_appendix.pdf), [Replication](https://web.archive.org/web/20190519005725/https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/2HTWSU))
2. Muise, Daniel and Jennifer Pan. 2019. "Online Field Experiments." *Asian Journal of Communication* 29(3): 217-234. ([PDF](https://web.archive.org/web/20190519005725/http://jenpan.com/jen_pan/ajoc_online_exper_final.pdf))
3. Pan, Jennifer and Kaiping Chen. 2018. "Concealing Corruption: How Chinese Officials Distort Upward Reporting of Online Grievances." *American Political Science Review* 112(3): 602-620. ([PDF](https://web.archive.org/web/20190519005725/http://jenpan.com/jen_pan/sendup.pdf), [Appendix](https://web.archive.org/web/20190519005725/http://jenpan.com/jen_pan/sendup_appendix.pdf), [Replication](https://web.archive.org/web/20190519005725/https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/2HRRC7))
4. Anjalie Field; Doron Kliger; Shuly Wintner; Jennifer Pan; Dan Jurafsky; and Yulia Tsvetkov. 2018. "Framing and Agenda-setting in Russian News: a Computational Analysis of Intricate Political Strategies." EMNLP 2018. ([PDF](https://web.archive.org/web/20190519005725/http://jenpan.com/jen_pan/framing.pdf))
5. Pan, Jennifer and Yiqing Xu. 2018. "China's Ideological Spectrum." *The Journal of Politics* 80(1): 254-273. ([PDF](https://web.archive.org/web/20190519005725/http://jenpan.com/jen_pan/ideology.pdf), [Appendix](https://web.archive.org/web/20190519005725/http://jenpan.com/jen_pan/ideology_appendix.pdf), [Replication](https://web.archive.org/web/20190519005725/https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/LBMRFX))
6. Jaros, Kyle and Jennifer Pan. 2018. "China's Newsmakers: How Media Power is Shifting in the Xi Jinping Era." *The China Quarterly* 233: 111-136. ([PDF](https://web.archive.org/web/20190519005725/http://jenpan.com/jen_pan/newsmakers.pdf), [Appendix](https://web.archive.org/web/20190519005725/http://jenpan.com/jen_pan/newsmakers_cqy_appendix.pdf))
--个人短评--
原文发表在2017年,作者在结论部分呼吁美国将网络舆论也看作战场,感觉多少对今天美中贸易战的内容有些贡献。此外,这篇文章认为五毛的来源主要是政府雇员(更准确的说是广义上体制内的雇员),某种程度上呼应了前段时间出现的几个帖子。
这篇文章认为五毛行动的目的不仅仅是宣传官方观点,还有干扰正常讨论,给网络社区参沙子的战略目的。当然这些在那篇网评员内部资料里其实都有了。不过他利用https://xiaolan.me 泄漏出来的内部通讯资料对网络舆论控制的整个的组织结构进行了分析,对五毛的来源也进行了分析,我把原文的结论更新到主贴了。附录也蛮有意思的。
## 中国的审查制度如何允许政府批评而禁声集体表达
How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression
Abstract
We offer the first large scale, multiple source analysis of the outcome of what may be the most extensive effort to selectively censor human expression ever implemented. To do this, we have devised a system to locate, download, and analyze the content of millions of social media posts originating from nearly 1,400 different social media services all over China before the Chinese government is able to find, evaluate, and censor (i.e., remove from the Internet) the subset they deem objectionable. Using modern computer-assisted text analytic methods that we adapt to and validate in the Chinese language, we compare the substantive content of posts censored to those not censored over time in each of 85 topic areas. Contrary to previous understandings, posts with negative, even vitriolic, criticism of the state, its leaders, and its policies are not more likely to be censored. Instead, we show that the censorship program is aimed at curtailing collective action by silencing comments that represent, reinforce, or spur social mobilization, regardless of content. Censorship is oriented toward attempting to forestall collective activities that are occurring now or may occur in the future—and, as such, seem to clearly expose government intent.
摘要
我们提供了第一次大规模,多源分析的结果,可能是有史以来实施过最广泛的选择性审查人类表达的行为。为此,我们设计了一个系统来定位,下载和分析来自全中国近1,400种不同社交媒体服务的数百万社交媒体帖子的内容,赶在中国政府能进行查找,评估和审查(即,从互联网上删除)他们认为的反抗内容子集。利用我们找到并用中文验证过的现代计算机辅助文本分析方法,我们比较了审查的帖子的实质内容与85个主题领域中每个未审查的帖子。与先前的谅解相反,对国家,其领导人及其政策的负面甚至尖刻批评的帖子不太可能被审查。相反,我们表明,审查计划旨在通过沉默代表,加强或促进社会动员的评论来遏制集体行动,而不论其内容如何。审查制度旨在试图阻止现在或将来可能发生的集体活动 - 因此,它们似乎清楚地暴露了政府的意图。
有一位研究中共的台湾学者明居正对中共的某一宣传策略做过精辟的总结
即:抽象肯定,具体否定
对于孙中山、三民主义、以及自由、民主等普世价值,中共都是采取这种抽象肯定,具体否定的策略。所谓抽象肯定就是对这个名词作出肯定,但所有能发表的言论都只会谈论这个名词,不会涉及到任何具体的内涵,甚至在某些时候会对这些名词进行歪曲,填进中共自己的内容。这个策略一直没有改变,这篇论文虽然涉及到了皮毛,但忽略了这个抽象肯定、具体否定的重要宣传策略。
[@pc6619](https://pincong.rocks/people/pc6619)
关于五毛的构成还是挺符合实际的。
不过还要补充几点:
除了政府雇员外还有各种大中专院校的学生,总之只要是能轻松被体制威逼利诱的人员,都可能有这种兼职行为。
无论是不是被专门授意去做五毛的,中国的体制决定了,中国有大量居民是由政府圈养的、而非以独立创造交换价值为生的人,这样的人出于维护自己经济来源的目的而发表言论,都属于广义上“拿政府钱为政府说话”行为,这样的人属于广义上的五毛。
从这一点上来说,只要是体制内的人员,只要为体制说话,那就是五毛。只有在从未接受过补贴的私营经济体中工作的为体制说话的人员才能算做是“自干五”。
###### tags: `论文` `五毛党` `社交媒体` `舆论`