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    # 微分公式 <font size = 5><br> :::info 當初在證明微分公式的時候是在學測前,一方面因為這些公式也不直觀,另一方面講義也不證明,害我用起來一點都不順手,於是就自己試著證明了一遍。 3Blue1Brown在微積分裡一直強調求導數相當於在問「變動一點點的$x,f(x)$會變動多少?」就拿$\frac{d}{dx}x^2$為例,假設$x$為一正方形的邊長,$x^2$為此正方形面積,則可以用下圖說明: ![IMG_1004](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SyvutUtk0.jpg) 當$x$變動了極小的量$dx$時,$x^2$增加了$2x\cdot dx+(dx)^2$,在$dx$非常小的時候,相較於$2x\cdot dx$這項,$(dx)^2$就可以忽略掉,因此$\frac{d}{dx}x^2 = \frac{2x\cdot dx}{dx} = 2x$ 我認為這樣說明比起死板的「次方數往前提當係數,然後次方數減1」更容易讓人體會微分的意義。 ::: </font> ## (1)微分$x^n$ <font size = 4><br> $$\frac{d}{dx}x^n\quad(n\in\mathbb{N})$$ $$ = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{(x+h)^n-x^n}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\displaystyle\sum_{i=0}^nC_i^nx^ih^{n-i}-x^n}{h}$$ $$ = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\displaystyle\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}C_i^nx^ih^{n-i}}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\displaystyle\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}C_i^nx^ih^{n-i-1}$$ $$ = \lim_{h\to 0}(C_0^nh^{n-1}+C_1^nxh^{n-2}+...+C_{n-1}^nx^{n-1}) = \underbrace{0+0+...+0}_{n-1}+nx^{n-1}$$ $$\Rightarrow \frac{d}{dx}x^n = nx^{n-1}\quad , n\in\mathbb{N}$$ </font> <font size = 5><br> :::info 這還挺簡單的,只要遵循求導數的定義,再二項式展開就行了。 ::: </font> ## (2)微分$x^{-n}$ <font size = 4><br> $$\frac{d}{dx}x^{-n}\quad(n\in\mathbb{N})$$ $$ = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{(x+h)^{-n}-x^{-n}}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{1}{(x+h)^n}-\frac{1}{x^n}}{h}$$ $$ = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{x^n-(x+h)^n}{x^n\cdot(x+h)^n}}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{x^n-(x+h)^n}{(x^2+xh)^n}}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{x^n-\displaystyle\sum_{i=0}^nC_i^nx^{n-i}h^i}{h(x^2+xh)^n}$$ $$ = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{-\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^nC_i^nx^{n-i}h^i}{h(x^2+xh)^n} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{-\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^nC_i^nx^{n-i}h^{i-1}}{(x^2+xh)^n} = \frac{-nx^{n-1}}{(x^2)^n} = -nx^{-n-1}$$ $$\Rightarrow \frac{d}{dx}x^{-n} = -nx^{-n-1}\quad, n\in\mathbb{N}$$ </font> <font size = 5><br> :::info 因為敝人能力不足,無法直接證明$x$的實數次方的微分,因此只能先證(1)和(2),再搭配合成函數微分應該就可以解決有里數次方的微分了,至於無理數次方就等大學了。 ::: </font> ## (3)微分$f(x)g(x)$ <font size = 4><br> $$\frac{d}{dx}[f(x)g(x)] = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(x+h)g(x+h)-f(x)g(x)}{h}$$ $$ = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(x+h)g(x+h)+f(x+h)g(x)-f(x+h)g(x)-f(x)g(x)}{h}$$ $$ = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(x+h)[g(x+h)-g(x)]+g(x)[f(x+h)-f(x)]}{h}$$ $$ = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(x+h)[g(x+h)-g(x)]}{h}+\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{g(x)[f(x+h)-f(x)]}{h} = f(x)g'(x)+g(x)f'(x)$$ $$\Rightarrow \frac{d}{dx}[f(x)g(x)] = f(x)g'(x)+g(x)f'(x)$$ </font> ## (4)微分$f(x)g(x)h(x)$ <font size = 4><br> $$\frac{d}{dx}[f(x)g(x)h(x)] = [f(x)g(x)]'h(x)+f(x)g(x)h'(x)$$ $$ = [f'(x)g(x)+f(x)g'(x)]h(x)+f(x)g(x)h'(x)$$ $$ = f'(x)g(x)h(x)+f(x)g'(x)h(x)+f(x)g(x)h'(x)$$ $$\frac{d}{dx}[f(x)g(x)h(x)] = f'(x)g(x)h(x)+f(x)g'(x)h(x)+f(x)g(x)h'(x)$$ </font> ## (5)微分$\displaystyle\prod_{k+1}^nf_k(x)$ <font size = 4><br> 由(3)和(4)的結果,我們猜測$$\frac{d}{dx}[\prod_{k=1}^nf_k(x)] = \sum_{i=1}^n[\frac{f'_i(x)}{f_i(x)}\prod_{k=1}^nf_k(x)]$$ 試證$\displaystyle\frac{d}{dx}[\prod_{k=1}^nf_k(x)] = \sum_{i=1}^n[\frac{f'_i(x)}{f_i(x)}\prod_{k=1}^nf_k(x)]$對於任意正整數n階成立 1.當$n=1$時,$\frac{d}{dx}f_1(x) = \frac{f'_1(x)}{f_1(x)}\cdot f_1(x) = f'_1(x)$,成立 2.假設當$n=p$時,$\displaystyle\frac{d}{dx}[\prod_{k=1}^pf_k(x)] = \sum_{i=1}^p[\frac{f'_i(x)}{f_i(x)}\prod_{k=1}^pf_k(x)]\quad ,p\in\mathbb{N}$ 亦成立 3.則$n=p+1$時,$$\frac{d}{dx}[\prod_{k=1}^{p+1}f_k(x)] = \frac{d}{dx}[(\prod_{k=1}^pf_k(x))\cdot f_{p+1}(x)]$$ $$ = \frac{d}{dx}[\prod_{k=1}^pf_k(x)]\cdot f_{p+1}(x)+\prod_{k=1}^pf_k(x)\cdot f'_{p+1}(x)$$ $$ = \sum_{i=1}^p[\frac{f'_i(x)}{f_i(x)}\prod_{k=1}^pf_k(x)]\cdot f_{p+1}(x)+\prod_{k=1}^pf_k(x)f'_{p+1}(x)$$ $$ = \sum_{i=1}^p[\frac{f'_i(x)}{f_i(x)}\prod_{k=1}^{p+1}f_k(x)]+\frac{f'_{p+1}(x)}{f_{p+1}(x)}\prod_{k=1}^{p+1}f_k(x) = \sum_{i=1}^{p+1}[\frac{f'_i(x)}{f_i(x)}\prod_{k=1}^{p+1}f_k(x)]$$ $$\Rightarrow \frac{d}{dx}[\prod_{k=1}^{p+1}f_k(x)] = \sum_{i=1}^{p+1}[\frac{f'_i(x)}{f_i(x)}\prod_{k=1}^{p+1}f_k(x)]$$ 由數學歸納法原理可知$$\frac{d}{dx}[\prod_{k=1}^nf_k(x)] = \sum_{i=1}^n[\frac{f'_i(x)}{f_i(x)}\prod_{k=1}^nf_k(x)]$$ 對於任意正整數n皆成立 </font> <font size = 5><br> :::info 在函數只有兩個的時候可以用補項的方式來求導數。三個函數的時候也可以用補項的方式,或者先把前兩個函數當成一個這樣去拆解。到了n個函數時,其實也可以補項、也可以慢慢拆,但是我覺得用數學歸納法應該是最直接明瞭的。 ::: </font> ## (6)微分$f(x)^n$ <font size = 4><br> $$\frac{d}{dx}[f(x)^n]\quad(n\in\mathbb{N})$$ $$ = n(f'(x)f(x)^{n-1}) = nf'(x)f(x)^{n-1}\quad(由(5)可知)$$ $$\Rightarrow \frac{d}{dx}[f(x)^n] = nf'(x)f(x)^{n-1}$$ </font> <font size = 5><br> :::info 證明完(5)之後,(6)的結果其實也呼之欲出了,倒不如說(6)是(5)的簡易版。 ::: </font> ## (7)微分$\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}$ <font size = 4><br> $$\frac{d}{dx}[\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}] = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{f(x+h)}{g(x+h)}-\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}}{h}$$ $$ = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{f(x+h)g(x)-f(x)g(x+h)}{g(x+h)g(x)}}{h}$$ $$ = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(x+h)g(x)-f(x)g(x)+f(x)g(x)-f(x)g(x+h)}{h\cdot g(x+h)g(x)}$$ $$ = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{g(x)[f(x+h)-f(x)]-f(x)[g(x+h)-g(x)]}{h\cdot g(x+h)g(x)}$$ $$ = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g(x+h)g(x)} = \frac{f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g(x)^2}$$ $$\Rightarrow \frac{d}{dx}[\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}] = \frac{f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g(x)^2}\quad,g(x)\ne 0$$ </font> <font size = 5><br> :::info 這也是用補項的方式來證,當初就是這個公式用得最不順手,因為長得太奇怪了XD,但自己證一遍後...還是覺得長得很奇怪,哀 ::: </font> ## (8)微分$f(g(x))$ <font size = 4><br> $$\frac{d}{dx}f(g(x)) = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(g(x+h))-f(g(x))}{h}$$ $$ = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(g(x+h))-f(g(x))}{g(x+h)-g(x)}\cdot\frac{g(x+h)-g(x)}{h} = f'g(x)\cdot g'(x)$$ $$\Rightarrow \frac{d}{dx}f(g(x)) = f'(g(x))\cdot g'(x)$$ </font> <font size = 5><br> :::info 這個補項還蠻難想的,但只要想到就證很快了。 ::: </font> ## (9)微分$x^{\frac{1}{n}}$ <font size = 4><br> 令$f(x) = x^\frac{1}{n},\;g(x) = x^n$,則$f(g(x)) = x\quad(n\in\mathbb{N})$ $$\frac{d}{dx}f(g(x)) = \frac{d}{dx}x = 1$$ $$\frac{d}{dx}f(g(x)) = f'(g(x))\cdot g'(x)$$ $$\Rightarrow f'(g(x))\cdot g'(x) = 1\Rightarrow f'(x^n)\cdot nx^{n-1} = 1$$ $$\Rightarrow f'(x^n) = \frac{1}{n}\cdot x^{1-n} = \frac{1}{n}\cdot(x^n)^\frac{1-n}{n} = \frac{1}{n}\cdot(x^n)^{\frac{1}{n}-1}$$ $$\Rightarrow f'(x) = \frac{1}{n}x^{\frac{1}{n}-1}$$ $$\Rightarrow \frac{d}{dx}x^\frac{1}{n} = \frac{1}{n}x^{\frac{1}{n}-1}\quad,n\in\mathbb{N}$$ </font> <font size = 5><br> :::info 這個我原本是要第三個證的,但是就是證不出來。後來請教老師才知道要用合成函數的概念去證。 最近段考剛考完,清明連假後馬上就要上傳學習歷程了,弄完學習歷程要準備備審資料,同時間要準備二階筆試,一想到快要上大學了就覺得挖苦挖苦! 2024/4/2 ::: </font>

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