ἐγγύα πάρα δ'ἄτη
    • Create new note
    • Create a note from template
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
    • Invite by email
      Invitee

      This note has no invitees

    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note No publishing access yet

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.

      Your account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

      Your team account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

      Explore these features while you wait
      Complete general settings
      Bookmark and like published notes
      Write a few more notes
      Complete general settings
      Write a few more notes
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Note Insights New
    • Engagement control
    • Make a copy
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Save as template
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Note Insights Versions and GitHub Sync Sharing URL Create Help
Create Create new note Create a note from template
Menu
Options
Engagement control Make a copy Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
  • Invite by email
    Invitee

    This note has no invitees

  • Publish Note

    Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note No publishing access yet

    Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
    Your note is now live.
    This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.

    Your account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

    Your team account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

    Explore these features while you wait
    Complete general settings
    Bookmark and like published notes
    Write a few more notes
    Complete general settings
    Write a few more notes
    See published notes
    Unpublish note
    Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
    View profile
    Engagement control
    Commenting
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Suggest edit
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    Emoji Reply
    Enable
    Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
       Owned this note    Owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    # 微波工程實習報告            組別:5 ## 主題: T-junction and Wilkinson Power Divider #### 組員: B10902110 陳宏豪 ### 摘要和心得 本篇包含4/17與4/24上課內容整理 主要內容有: 1. S-Parameter and 3-port network 2. lossless T-junction 3. Resistive T-junction 4. Even/Odd Mode analysis 5. Wilkinson Power Divider 寫完這篇感覺變成小畫家達人了...圖超多 ![](https://i.imgur.com/o33nuOw.png) Hack MD 好讀版:https://hackmd.io/@MIN69/rkziz29Gh 然後威金森分析起來不難但很麻煩,然後設計出來不知道發生什麼事... **學長到底怎Layout的,洗出來比模擬好= =??** 另外在上課用PPT中的第12張中的式子列錯了,但答案是對的(?) ![](https://i.imgur.com/TNEpiPD.png) SMD電阻有夠難焊,20歲就手超抖表示痛苦。 焊接時銅箔上的焊錫不要用太多,~~會變成高反射的形狀。~~ 有幾組$S_{11}$直接飛上天了2ㄏ2ㄏ。 然後電木真的有夠臭,都過6小時了還是有味道... 記得Return Loss 或IL 不要加負號。 ### S-parameter 三埠網路示意圖如下: ![](https://i.imgur.com/xwXVlpO.png) 會使用**S**cattering **Matrix**來描述其行為。 S-Martix 主要描述的是每個port間的**入射與反射波**的關係,習慣上以功率(實際量的到)來定義: $a_n=\frac{V^+_n}{\sqrt{Z_{0n}}}\ \ \ \ ,b_n=\frac{V^-_n}{\sqrt{Z_{0n}}}$ $Z_{0n}$為n-port上的阻抗,彼此可以不相等。 $\begin{bmatrix} b_{1}\\b_{2}\\b_{3}\end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} S_{11} & S_{12}& S_{13}\\S_{21} & S_{22}& S_{23}\\ S_{31} & S_{32}& S_{33}\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} a_{1}\\a_{2}\\a_3 \end{bmatrix}$ 其中每個$S$參數都是**複數**,具有實部與虛部,或用極座標表示成相位及大小。 而且它們都是**頻率的函數**。 將矩陣展開能寫成: $b_1=S_{11}a_1+S_{12}a_2+S_{13}a_3$ $b_2=S_{21}a_1+S_{22}a_2+S_{23}a_3$ $b_3=S_{31}a_1+S_{32}a_2+S_{33}a_3$ ### matching(匹配) 如果每個port上都是**匹配**的,且將Port1作為輸入$a_1$,port2、port3作為輸出, 我們可以預期port1上的反射$b_1=0$,port2上反射回網路的$a_2=0$,port3反射回網路的$a_3=0$ 帶回去上面的式子: $0=S_{11}a_1+S_{12}*0+S_{13}*0$ $b_2=S_{21}a_1+S_{22}*0+S_{23}*0$ $b_3=S_{31}a_1+S_{32}*0+S_{33}*0$ 透過第一條式子可以知道:$S_{11}=0$,(當所有port都匹配時) 第二條式子:$S_{21}=\frac{b_1}{a_1}$,(當所有port都匹配時) 第三條式子:$S_{31}=\frac{b_3}{a_1}$,(當所有port都匹配時) 記憶法: ![](https://i.imgur.com/rQitdBF.png) 可以觀察出來**只有所有port都Matching後S參數才有如此單純的關係**。 我們可以對每個port都做一樣的假設會得到: $\begin{bmatrix} 0 & S_{12}& S_{13}\\S_{21} & 0& S_{23}\\ S_{31} & S_{32}& 0\end{bmatrix}$ **匹配網路的性質:對角線元素為0** ### reciprocal(互易) 對於一個n-port而言,S參數就會有$2n^2$個未知數(n by n的方陣,每個S元素又有相位及大小)。 通常**被動**網路都有這個性質,由port1往port2看與由port2往port1看是相同的具有對稱性, 這是個很棒的性質,代表它的S-matrix也會是對稱的矩陣(symmetric matrix): $S^T=S$ 這樣可以少掉$2n$個未知數。 $\begin{bmatrix} S_{11} & S_{12}& S_{13}\\S_{12} & S_{22}& S_{23}\\S_{13} & S_{23}& S_{33}\end{bmatrix}$ **互易網路的性質:對角線兩邊的元素對稱** ### lossless(無損) 假設網路為無損的,它的實功率$P=0$。 回顧下交流電功率實功$P$的算法: $S=P+jQ=\frac{V}{\sqrt{2}}\frac{I^*}{\sqrt{2}}$,$P$就是把$S$(視在功率)取實部。 $P=\Re({\frac{V}{\sqrt{2}}\frac{I^*}{\sqrt{2}}})=\Re(\frac{V}{\sqrt{2}}\frac{V^*}{\sqrt{2}Z})$ 其中$V=V^++V^-$,$I=\frac{V^+-V^-}{Z}$ $a_n=\frac{V^+_n}{\sqrt{Z}}\ \ \ \ ,b_n=\frac{V^-_n}{\sqrt{Z}}$ 全都套進去: $\Re(\frac{(a+b)(a-b)^*}{2})= \frac{1}{2}\Re(aa^*+ba^*-ab^*-bb^*)$, 中間的$ba^*-ab^*$是純虛數取Re後沒有貢獻。 簡易說明如下,假設兩複數$a,b$ $a=\alpha+j\beta,b=\gamma+j\delta$ $ba^*-ab^*=(\gamma+j\delta)(\alpha+j\beta)-(\alpha+j\beta)(\gamma+j\delta)$ $=(\alpha \gamma+\beta \delta+j(\alpha\gamma-\beta\delta))-(\alpha\gamma+\beta\delta+j(\beta\gamma-\alpha\delta))=j(\alpha\gamma-\beta\delta-\beta\gamma+\alpha\delta)$ 所以$ba^*-ab^*$為純虛數,Quod Erat Demonstrandum。 所以$P=\frac{1}{2}\Re(aa^*-bb^*)=0$ 移項得到$aa^*=bb^*$,$b$可以由$S$矩陣與$a$相乘得到: $aa^*=(aS)(Sa)^*$,中間兩矩陣相乘得到$I$。 代表$SS^*=I$(單位矩陣),或$S^*S=I$ 矩陣上的星號代表的是[共軛轉置](https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%B1%E8%BD%AD%E8%BD%AC%E7%BD%AE),先每個元素取共軛複數後再做轉置。 利用上面的結果,計算某S矩陣: $\begin{bmatrix} S_{11} & S_{12}& S_{13}\\S_{21} & S_{22}& S_{23}\\ S_{31} & S_{32}& S_{33}\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} S_{11} & S_{12}& S_{13}\\S_{21} & S_{22}& S_{23}\\ S_{31} & S_{32}& S_{33}\end{bmatrix}^* =\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}$ $\begin{bmatrix} S_{11} & S_{12}& S_{13}\\S_{21} & S_{22}& S_{23}\\ S_{31} & S_{32}& S_{33}\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} S_{11}^* & S_{21}^*& S_{31}^*\\S_{12}^* & S_{22}^*& S_{32}^*\\S_{13}^* & S_{23}^*& S_{33}^*\end{bmatrix} =\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}$ 觀察$I$矩陣的對角線元素由以下產生:(只寫一條) $S_{11}S_{11}^*+S_{12}S_{12}^*+S_{13}S_{13}^*=1$ 也就是: $|S_{11}|^2+|S_{12}|^2+|S_{13}|^2=1$ **(等於第一個Row與自己的innner Product等於1)** 觀察$I$矩陣0的部分(只寫一條): $S_{11}S_{21}^*+S_{12}S_{22}^*+S_{13}S_{23}^*=0$ **(等於第一個Row與第二個Row的innner Product為0)** 以此類推,得到結論:**若一個網路為無損的,那它的S-matrix的每個Row或Column彼此是線性獨立的** 也就是說它是一個**滿秩矩陣**: $Dim(S)=Rank(S)=Dim(C(S))=Dim(C(S^T))$ ### 三埠網路的不可能三角 **即三埠網路不可能同時滿足無損、互易、匹配。** Port再多點就可以了。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/8niXYMi.png) 考慮一個匹配且互易的網絡,它的$S-matrix$應該有以下這種形式: $S=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & S_{12}& S_{13}\\S_{12} & 0& S_{23}\\S_{13} & S_{23}& 0\end{bmatrix}$ 帶入無損條件$SS^*=I$,幫結果取個名字$MR$。 $MR=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & S_{12}& S_{13}\\S_{12} & 0& S_{23}\\S_{13} & S_{23}& 0\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & S_{12}^*& S_{13}^*\\S_{12}^* & 0& S_{23}^*\\S_{13}^* & S_{23}^*& 0\end{bmatrix}=$ $\begin{bmatrix} S_{12}S_{12}^*+S_{13}S_{13}^* & S_{13}S_{23}^* &S_{12}S_{23}^* \\S_{23}S_{13}^* &S_{12}S_{12}^*+S_{23}S_{23}^* &S_{12}S_{13}^* \\S_{23}S_{12}^*&S_{13}S_{12}^*&S_{13}S_{13}^*+S_{23}S_{23}^*\end{bmatrix}=I$ $MR_{12}=S_{13}S_{23}^*$ 非對角線元素,應為0,且複數相等,$S_{13}、S_{23}$必須皆為0,或其一為0。 依照這個邏輯,對所有的非對角線元素列出方程式,可以得到: $S_{12}S_{13}^*=0$,$S_{12}S_{23}^*=0$ $S_{13}S_{12}^*=0$,$S_{13}S_{23}^*=0$ $S_{23}S_{12}^*=0$,$S_{23}S_{13}^*=0$ 共計六條,能夠求解六個未知數。 同時滿足的條件只能當$S_{12}=0、S_{13}=0、S_{23}=0$,同時也使得$MR$中的對角線元素也為0,並不會是單位矩陣。 得證,不存在滿足此情況的三埠網路。 ### Lossless Tee-junction 一個T型的3埠網路是很常會看到的東西,不過它有很多種變形,而且鋩鋩角角很多。 而這是最單純的一種: ![](https://i.imgur.com/vpdmvlU.png) 當這個網路由Port1作為輸入,Port2、3作為輸出,且三埠都被**terminated**時 (不知道怎翻譯,就是Port都妥善匹配,不會有反射回到網路中) 那麼為了讓能量能有效地傳遞進此網路,此網路由Port1看入的輸入阻抗必須匹配,即:$Z_1\parallel Z_2=Z_0$ 且能透過$Z_1$與$Z_2$的值來調整Port2與Port3輸出的功率比例: 假設輸入功率$P_{in}$,$P_2$、$P_3$分別port2和port3輸出的功率 欲使$P_2:P_3=n:1$ 輸入功率與阻抗關係是: $P_{in}=\frac{V^2}{2Z_0}$ 同理: 所以在$Port2$上的阻抗$Z_1$與$Port$上的阻抗$Z_2$有 : $Z_1:Z_2=1:n$的關係,但同時需要阻抗匹配,及$Z_1$與$Z_2$並聯需要等於$Z_0$。 設$Z_1=t$則$Z_2=nt$,兩者並聯$\frac{nt}{n+1}=Z_0$,解出$t=\frac{n+1}{n}Z_0$。 故$Z_1=\frac{n+1}{n}Z_0$,$Z_2=(n+1)Z_0$即可使功率不相等分配。 以本次範例為例子 ![](https://i.imgur.com/WkLe1Ap.png) $Z_0=50,Z_1=100,Z_2=100$ 功率分配為$P_2:P_3=1:1$,$|S_{31}|^2=|S_{21}|^2=0.5,S_{21}= \frac{\pm1}{\sqrt2}$ Port 1匹配:$S_{11}=0$,$S_{22}=S_{33}=\frac{(100\parallel50)-100 }{(100\parallel50)+100}=\frac{33.33-100 }{(33.33+100)}=-0.5$ 且此網路為被動元件組成,為**互易網路**,S參數有以下形式: $S=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \frac{\pm1}{\sqrt2}& \frac{\pm1}{\sqrt2}\\\frac{\pm1}{\sqrt2} & -0.5 & S_{23}\\\frac{\pm1}{\sqrt2} & S_{23}& -0.5 \end{bmatrix}$ 且**無損**,第二直排與第三直排線性獨立,可得到: $\frac{1}{2}-0.5S_{23}^*-0.5S_{23}=0$ $S_{23}+S_{23}^*=1$,代表$S_{23}=\frac{1}{2}$ 最終的會有這種形式的$S-martix=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \frac{\pm1}{\sqrt2}& \frac{\pm1}{\sqrt2}\\\frac{\pm1}{\sqrt2} & -\frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{2}\\\frac{\pm1}{\sqrt2} & \frac{1}{2}& -\frac{1}{2} \end{bmatrix}$ 所以我們可以預期,在工作頻率上時: $|S_{22}|=|S_{33}|=20log(0.5)\approx-6dB$ $|S_{21}|=|S_{31}|=|S_{12}|=|S_{12}|=20log(\frac{1}{\sqrt2})\approx-3dB$ 實際量測時又是另外一回事了。 理論上實際與理論相符,實際上並不是如此。微波,妙不可言... ### Resistive T-junction 因為被動元件組成的網路都是互易的,又不可能同時互易無損又匹配,選擇其實只有兩種 1. 互易無損,就是上面的那種 2. 互異匹配,即加上損耗性元件來使三埠網路匹配 ![](https://i.imgur.com/ReKnfSy.png) 要讓參考平面(Reference plane)往內看得到反射為0: $((Z_0+R)\parallel(Z_0+R))+R=Z_0$ $\frac{(Z_0+R)^2}{2(Z_0+R)}+R=Z_0$ $0.5Z_0+1.5R=Z_0$ $R=\frac{Z_0}{3}$ 需取$R$為$\frac{Z_0}{3}$即可,範例是$Z_0=50,R=16.66$ 把傳輸線當集總元件比較好理解: ![](https://i.imgur.com/OAHRnk3.png) 現在我們知道功率$P_{in}$能被**完美**的送進去V點的參考平面了,因為它匹配。 我們可以更進一步的把a點以後的電阻捏成一顆$Z_0-R$ 而$P_{in}=\frac{1}{2}\frac{V^2}{Z_0}$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/HS81fC3.png) 簡單的分壓一下,算出$V_a$: $V_a$=$V\frac{Z_0-R}{Z_0-R+R}$,把$R=\frac{Z_0}{3}$帶入 $V_a=V\frac{3Z_0-Z_0}{3Z_0}=\frac{2}{3}V$ 再度分壓求出$V_b$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/AREeQ0d.png) $V_b=\frac{2}{3}V\times \frac{Z_0}{R+Z_0}=V\frac{2Z_0}{3Z_0+Z_0}=\frac{V}{2}$ 且三埠對稱互易,有這種形式的$S-martix=\frac{1}{2}\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 1\\ 1 & 0 & 1\\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}$ 而$V_b$是離開此網路的傳輸線所收到的電壓波,其功率大小為 $P_{o2}=\frac{1}{2}\frac{V_b^2}{Z_0}=\frac{1}{4}P_{in}$,作為輸出的總共有2個port,總輸出功率$P_{ot}=2P_{o2}=\frac{1}{2}P_{in}$,整整少掉一半。 ### Even/Odd Mode analysis(奇偶模分析) 奇偶模分析講大白話就是高職基本電學教的中垂線法、水平線法的延伸,一樣是**拿來處理對稱網路。** 拿個電路當例子: ![](https://i.imgur.com/VMneh7V.png) 假設$V1=V2$,那麼整個電路在對稱軸的左右兩邊**完全對稱**,可以把電路重畫成: ![](https://i.imgur.com/vYJJAds.png) 因為兩端是完全對稱的,我們可以預期對稱各點電壓與電流相等: $V_a=V_b$、$i1=i2$、$i3=i4$ 對$x$點做$KCL$,有$i3+i4=0$,又$i3=i4$,只能$i3、i4$都為0才能滿足條件。 **即沒有電流流過對稱軸。** 此情形稱為**偶模(EVEN MODE)** 可以在近一步的直接把整個電路看成**以對稱軸開路**: ![](https://i.imgur.com/EjEQC5d.png) 這樣就能很簡單的解出各點電壓跟電流了。 反知若$V2=-V1$那麼電路變成: ![](https://i.imgur.com/7mZiWcW.png) 可以知道右半部分的電壓與電流關係為**負的左半電壓電流**: $V_a=-V_b$、$i1=-i2$、$i3=-i4$ 對$c$點做$KCL$會得到$i1+i2+兩顆2R_3的電流=0$把$i2=-i1$帶入會得到 兩顆$2R_3$電阻上的電流是0。亦即沒有壓降,代表$c$點對地短路。 對x點做$KVL$,由左$(V1)$往x點看$V_x=V1-(i1+i3)R_1-i3\frac{R}{2}$ 由右$(-V1)$往左看$V_x=-V1-(i2+i4)R_1-i4\frac{R}{2}$,把$i1=-i2$、$i3=-i4$帶入,且兩式相等: $V1-(i1+i3)R_1-i3\frac{R}{2}=-V1+(i1+i3)R_1+i3\frac{R}{2}$ $2V1-2(i1+i3)R_1-i3R=0$,同除2移向 $V1=(i1+i3)R_1+i3\frac{R}{2}$帶回去由左往右看的式子: $V_x=(i1+i3)R_1+i3\frac{R}{2}-(i1+i3)R_1-i3\frac{R}{2}=0$ $V_x$也對地短路。 等效電路如下: ![](https://i.imgur.com/XkYn26h.png) 此情況為**奇模(ODD MODE)**,對稱軸整條短路。 ### Wilkinson Power Divider 示意圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/1KtWDfz.png) 這東西的設計要求是要求3個Port都匹配$(S_{11}=S_{22}=S_{33}=0)$ 且Port2跟Port3要完全隔離$(S_{23}=S_{32}=0)$。 它是個上下**對稱**的網路,所以我們能用奇偶分析來驗證這設計是否有以上性質。 在確定網路行為(量$S$參數)時需要把待測的$Port$接一個測試源$V$,其他$Port$要**terminated** 如下: ![](https://i.imgur.com/YHzRG9e.png) 然後我們可以把$V$拆開成$\frac{V}{2}+\frac{V}{2}$,把短路到地的線拆開成$\frac{V}{2}-\frac{V}{2}$,如下圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/zoYLH9x.png) 然後用重疊定理把奇偶分析中的兩個同正(Even mode),跟一正一負(odd mode)分開算, 就能大幅簡化流程。 理論存在,實踐開始: 第一步,確認Port1上的情形: 把**Port1接一個$V1$,Port2跟Port3 terminated**,因上下對稱,故$2Z_0$上跨壓為0,相當於沒接 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Jlc91fk.png) 等效成: ![](https://i.imgur.com/vc01HAk.png) 所以$Port1$看入的阻抗,就是兩個$Z_0$過$\frac{1}{4}$傳輸線的並聯 (可以回顧上次教的$\frac{1}{4}$阻抗轉換器)。 利用它的公式$Z_i=\frac{特徵阻抗^2}{ZL}=\frac{(\sqrt{2}Z_0)^2}{Z_0}=2Z_0$ 兩個$2Z_0$並聯得到$Z_0$。 確定$Port1$是匹配的,$S_{11}=0$ 接著把**PORT2和PORT3接一個同相的$V1$,使它形成偶模的情形**,可使對稱軸上開路: ![](https://i.imgur.com/tNFYurM.png) $Port2$的輸入阻抗$Z_{i2}$是$Port1$的$2Z_0$過四分之一波長轉換器$=\frac{2Z_0^2}{2Z_0}=Z0$ 在偶模上,$Port2$跟$Port3$都是匹配的。 但在要從$Port1$出去的介面是失配$(Z_0\sqrt2\rightarrow 2Z_0)$的,會有反射產生: $\Gamma=\frac{2Z_0-Z_0\sqrt2}{2Z_0+Z_0\sqrt2}=\frac{2-\sqrt2}{2+\sqrt2}=\frac{V^-}{V^+}$ 然後我們想算出從$Port2$出發跑到$Port1$上的電壓有多少,才能確定$S_{12}$。 ~~稍微有點複雜,當你碰到傳輸線的那時就沒救了~~ 根據傳輸線理論,傳輸線上傳播模態可寫成正向傳播與逆向傳播之和: $V(z)=V^+e^{-j\beta z}+V^-e^{j\beta z}$,把$V^+$提出 $V(z)=V^+(e^{-j\beta z}+\Gamma e^{j\beta z})$ $V^+跟V^-$是未定係數,分別代表順相傳播跟逆向傳播波的峰值。 我們把$Port2$的位置設成$\frac{-\lambda}{4}$,$Port1$的位置設成0,因為此式子是把負載當參考點(z=0)往回推的。 $Port2$上電壓是$V1$,就有$V(\frac{-\lambda}{4})=V^+(e^{j0.5\pi}+\Gamma e^{-j0.5\pi})$(用歐拉公式展開)$=jV^+(1-\Gamma)=V1$ 所以$V^+=-j\frac{V1}{1-\Gamma}$,套回去再把$z=0$帶入求出$Port1$上的電壓: $V(0)=-j\frac{V1}{1-\Gamma}(e^{0}+\Gamma e^{0})=-jV1\frac{1+\Gamma}{1-\Gamma}$,把$\Gamma=\frac{2-\sqrt2}{2+\sqrt2}$帶入 得到$Port1$在**偶模**時的電壓=$-jV1\frac{2}{\sqrt{2}}=-j\sqrt2 V1$ 當**PORT2接V1,PORT3接$-V1$,使它形成奇模的情形**,對稱軸短路接地。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/9mgiNgM.png) 此時從$Port2$看進去會看到$Z_0$(電阻)並聯一條輸入阻抗為無限大的傳輸線(開路), 所以不會有能量能透過那條傳輸線跑到$Port1$上,意味著全部的能量都被電阻吃了。 ($\frac{1}{4}$波長的短路殘段輸入阻抗是無限大的) $Port2$看進去只會看到$Z_0$電阻到地,所以$Port2$跟在奇模時是匹配的,同理,$Port3$也是。 所以$Port1$在**奇模**時的電壓為0。$Port2$是$V1$ 將奇偶模結果疊加即可求出真正的$S_{12}=\frac{Port1的奇+偶}{Port2的奇+偶}=\frac{-j\sqrt2 V1}{2V1}=-j\frac{1}{\sqrt2}$ 至此,在上面的奇偶模分析中,$Port3$都是消失(被短路到地或開路掉)的狀態,$Port2$根本沒機會把能量傳到$Port3$上,意味著$S_{23}=S_{32}=0$ 且不論even 或odd 三埠都匹配,$S_{11}=S_{22}=S_{33}=0$ $Port2$和$Port3$彼此對稱,又互易:$S_{12}=S_{13}=S_{21}=S_{31}=-j\frac{1}{\sqrt2}$ 所以Wilkinson Power divider會有這種形式的$S-martix=\frac{-j}{\sqrt2}\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1& 1\\1 & 0 & 0\\1 & 0& 0 \end{bmatrix}$ ### 實際量測與模擬結果 **這次終洗板出來量到了~** #### Resistive T-junction $S-martix=\frac{1}{2}\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 1\\ 1 & 0 & 1\\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}$ 理論上預期 $|S_{12}|=|S_{13}|=|S_{23}|=|S_{32}|=-6.01dB$ 但連ADS模擬RL也跑不到6dB呢(;一_一)。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/jn4HnNz.jpg) #### 模擬: ![](https://i.imgur.com/6WdOgCI.png) #### 量測: 提取量測數據: ![](https://i.imgur.com/hhP2Ipu.png) SNP符號下的"Port1and2"代表是實際網路的port1、2與VNA的port1、port2相連。 port3被terminated。 為什麼不用3port下去量 ಠ_ಠ?        #### 出圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/c6s7ptU.png) 每個port自己的反射都落在$-10dB$左右。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/n1pw9ux.png) 這張是由1向2或3穿透過去的(即模擬的$|S_{21}|、|S_{31}|、|S_{12}|、|S_{13}|$), 量測值落在$-7.1dB$跟$-7.4dB$,比理論值少$1dB$,比模擬值少$0.4dB$, 估計是FR4跟焊接技術在搞鬼。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/oQ1wAr6.png) port 2 、3的隔離度(模擬的$|S_{23}|、|S_{32}|$),跟模擬的數值差不多。 #### Wilkinson Power divider $S-martix=\frac{-j}{\sqrt2}\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1& 1\\1 & 0 & 0\\1 & 0& 0 \end{bmatrix}$ 理論上$|S_{12}|=|S_{21}|=|S_{31}|=|S_{13}|=-3.01dB$ 設計: 外圈長需要$70.71\Omega,\frac{\lambda}{4}$,用Linecalc按出來是 $W=1.596080mm$ $L=14.095$給他多個$20$%$=16.914mm$,(通靈) 讓port2與70.71相接面的寬度與50歐姆相同,port1接面為整面切齊。 求解$R(\pi-arcsin(\frac{1.53}{R})-arcsin(\frac{3.85}{R}))=16.914$ (用二分逼近法去求,程式碼在最下面) 得到外徑$R=7.1681mm$,內徑$r=R-1.5961=5.572mm$ 以圓心座標當$(0,0)$, $port1$的$x=-\sqrt{R^2-1.53^2}=-7$ $port2$的$x=\sqrt{R^2-3.85^2}=6.046$ 示意圖,(上下對稱,下半圓就不畫了 ٩(ˊᗜˋ*)و ): ![](https://i.imgur.com/fdja2CS.png) #### ADS模擬結果: ![](https://i.imgur.com/giFdNb9.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/0y2vHmQ.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/EKqKo4g.png) #### 實際量測 ![](https://i.imgur.com/KpzUjNQ.jpg) 提數據: ![](https://i.imgur.com/1H1mo2r.png) 出圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/DHWTB6C.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/8YkN48W.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/K3VLdxD.png) 我原本看到模擬結果很滿意了,直到看到量測數據... **嗚嗚嗚...到底為什麼實際量測出來會比模擬好啦...** ![](https://i.imgur.com/suhTrgH.png) ### 附錄 Python 解方程根程式碼 ```python=1 import math def func(x): if x <= 0 or x <= (ohm50_W+SMD_L*0.5): return float("inf") else: return x * (math.pi-math.asin(ohm50_W/(2*x))-math.asin((ohm50_W+SMD_L*0.5)/x))-sqrt2_L def bisection(a, b, tol): if func(a) * func(b) >= 0: print("Error: func(a) and func(b) have same signs!") print("NO ROOT INSIDE RANGE (a,b)") return None else: while (b - a) / 2 > tol: c = (a + b) / 2 if func(c) == 0: return c elif func(c) * func(a) < 0: b = c else: a = c return (a + b) / 2 def get_range(space): ## get bisection range ## return two point for i in range(5000): if func(i) * func(i+space) < 0: return i,i+space return None sqrt2_W=1.59608 ##70.7omh Width sqrt2_L=14.095*1.2 ##70.7omh Length ohm50_W=3.058520 ##50 omh Width ohm50_L=10.0 ##50omh Length SMD_L =1.6 ##SMD element gap Length Pa,Pb= get_range(30) err = 1e-10 ## accuracy root = bisection(Pa, Pb, err) print(root) ``` ###### tags: `微波工程`

    Import from clipboard

    Paste your markdown or webpage here...

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lose their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template has been removed or transferred.
    Upgrade
    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template.

    Create a template

    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?
    Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password
    or
    Sign in via Facebook Sign in via X(Twitter) Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
    Wallet ( )
    Connect another wallet

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    By signing in, you agree to our terms of service.

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Help & Tutorial

    How to use Book mode

    Slide Example

    API Docs

    Edit in VSCode

    Install browser extension

    Contacts

    Feedback

    Discord

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions and GitHub Sync
    Get Full History Access

    • Edit version name
    • Delete

    revision author avatar     named on  

    More Less

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found
    Sign in to link this note to GitHub
    Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub
     

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
        • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
        • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
        Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Include title and tags
        Available push count

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully