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    [![hackmd-github-sync-badge](https://hackmd.io/vTEMeX1JSzidImpmT-lzMw/badge)](https://hackmd.io/vTEMeX1JSzidImpmT-lzMw) $\require{mhchem}$ # 第三章 金属及其化合物 ###### tags: `Chemistry` ## 14 碱金属元素 焰色反应 碱金属单质物理性质? 金属通性:金属光泽,良好延展性、导电性、导热性; 轻、熔沸点低、软。 碱金属单质都是典型的活泼金属吗? 正确。 碱金属元素有哪些? Li Na K Rb Cs 判断:碱金属的氢氧化物都是可溶性强碱。 正确。 很多金属或他们的化合物在灼烧的时候都会使火焰呈现特殊的颜色,这叫作**焰色反应**。 焰色反应实验注意事项: - 火焰:火焰本身颜色无干扰。 - 蘸待测物的金属丝:金属丝本身在火焰上灼烧不能有焰色,熔点要高,不易被氧化,用**铂丝**效果最好。 - 洗、烧:每次实验前,铂丝都要蘸**稀盐酸**在火焰上烧至**与原来的火焰颜色相同**,以除净铂丝**上原有的使火焰呈特殊颜色的金属离子**。 - 蘸:用铂丝蘸取的一般是溶液,粉末不易被铂丝蘸上。把铂丝放在火上烤热,再接触固体粉末就可使粉末熔化从而蘸在铂丝上。 - 观:观察钾的焰色时,要透过**蓝色钴玻璃**,目的是**滤去钠元素产生的黄色火焰**,因为很少量的钠元素的焰色就能把钾元素的**紫**色火焰遮盖住。 常见金属元素焰色: - 锂:紫红色 - 钠:黄色 - 钾:紫色 - 铷:紫色 - 钙:砖红色 - 锶:洋红色 - 钡:黄绿色 - 铜:绿色 判断:焰色反应的应用包括用金属化合物制作烟火。 正确。 碱金属单质一般为银白色,但铯(Cs)略带金色光泽。 碱金属密度一般随核电荷数增大而**增大**,但钾的密度比钠**小**。 碱金属一般都保存在**煤油**中,但锂保存在**液体石蜡**中,因为密度比煤油小。 碱金属在空气或氧气中燃烧时,一般能生成过氧化物,甚至生成比过氧化物更复杂的氧化物,而锂只生成**氧化锂**。 碱金属所形成的盐一般都易溶于水,且**酸式**盐比**正**盐溶解度大(但 $\ce{NaHCO_3}$ 溶解度比 $\ce{Na_2CO_3}$ 小),但**碳酸锂**却微溶于水。 碱金属与氢气反应生成的碱金属氢化物都是**离子**化合物,其中氢以 $\ce{H-}$ 的形式存在,氢元素显 -1 价,碱金属的氢化物都是强**还原**剂。 碱金属都可以在氯气中燃烧,而碱金属与**碘**单质只有在加热时才能反应。 同主族元素从上到下,原子半径逐渐**增大**,金属单质中的金属键逐渐**减弱**,熔沸点**降低**。 判断:碱金属密度都随核电荷数增大而增大。 错误,钾比钠密度小。 **Na** 是短周期中原子半径最大、金属性最强的主族元素。 **K** 是前 20 号元素中半径最大、金属性最强的主族元素。 $\ce{Na_2O_2}$ 与 $\ce{CO_2}$ 、$\ce{H_2O}$ 反应时,氧化剂、还原剂都是 $\ce{Na_2O_2}$,且质量比为 1:1 常见的淡黄色固体:$\ce{Na_2O_2}$、$\ce{AgBr}$ 和硫粉。 大苏打是什么? $\ce{Na_2S_2O_3}$ $\ce{NaOH}$ 为短周期元素最高价氧化物对应水化物中唯一的强碱。 $\ce{NH_4NO_3}$ 是离子化合物吗? 是。 简单气态氢化物的热稳定性与什么有关? 氧化性越强,热稳定性越强。 ## 15 镁、铝的性质及冶炼 镁与氮气燃烧方程式? $\ce{3Mg + N2 ->[点燃] Mg3N2}$ 镁与沸水反应方程式? $\ce{Mg + 2H2O ->[\Delta] Mg(OH)2 + H2 ^}$ 镁与二氧化碳燃烧方程式?现象? $\ce{2Mg + CO2 ->[点燃] 2MgO + C}$ 剧烈燃烧,生成白色粉末和黑色固体。 铝热反应的反应条件? 高温,不能写加热。 铝热反应例子:铝和氧化铁反应方程式? $\ce{2Al + Fe2O3 ->[高温] 2Fe + Al2O3}$ 铝在强酸、强碱中都能生成氢气? 正确。 $\ce{Al}$ 能和 $\ce{MgO}$ 发生铝热反应吗? 不能。 判断:$\ce{CO2}$ 灭火器是一种常用灭火器,可以用来扑灭 $\ce{Mg}$ 引起的火灾。 错误。 $\ce{2Mg + CO2 ->[点燃] 2MgO + C}$ 镁、铝抗腐蚀的原因? 常温下与氧气反应生成致密氧化膜,防止内部金属继续被氧化。 工业由 $\ce{Mg(OH)2}$ 制镁方程式? $\ce{Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl -> MgCl2 + 2H2O}$ $\ce{MgCl2(熔融) ->[电解] Mg + Cl2 ^}$ 工业上电解熔融氧化铝制铝方程式? $\ce{2Al2O3(熔融) ->[电解][Na3AlF6(冰晶石)] 4Al + 3O2 ^}$ 电解熔融氧化铝,加入冰晶石作用? 降低氧化铝熔解所需温度,降低能耗。 判断:用坩埚钳夹住一小块经砂纸仔细打磨过的铝箔,在酒精灯上加热,熔化后的液态铝滴落下来。 错误,加热时表面又氧化出致密的氧化铝薄膜,高熔点的氧化铝包裹住液态铝,不会滴落。 判断:氢氧化铝可用于中和过多胃酸。 正确。 工业制备铝单质,不采用电解熔融 $\ce{AlCl3}$ 的原因? $\ce{AlCl3}$ 是共价化合物,无法被电解。 将溶液中的铝元素以沉淀形式析出,最好使用下列试剂中的哪一个? A 氢氧化钠溶液 B 硫酸溶液 C 氨水 D 二氧化碳 答案 C,可以析出 $\ce{Al(OH)3}$ 工业中将固体原料酸浸前,先研磨的目的是? 加快浸出速率,提高浸取率。 氢气可以还原氧化镁吗? 不能。

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