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--- title: 2024程設筆記 tags: 2024 author: xCk27x --- # 第一次上課 ###### tags: `2024` :::info 今天會把前端要用的其他技術帶過,但畢竟只有兩個小時,鐵定是教不完,所以如果你很有熱忱想要學得更多,請直接去查官方網站的Docs。 ::: ## 授課進度 - [ ] Nuxt - [ ] pinia - [ ] Sass - [ ] Tailwind ## Nuxt 簡單來說,Nuxt就是在vue之上再套一層框架,當然你會覺得怎麼寫vue已經夠麻煩了,幹嘛要在多套一層框架。 實際上Nuxt是以限制一些自由,來幫你直接做好某些功能,等於省了一堆麻煩,反正我用過是回不去了啦。 :::info 跟Nuxt類似的東西有React的延伸框架「Next.js」,Angular我就不知道了,反正他快被Sevlte取代了XD。 ::: ### 建立新Nuxt專案 開一個新的資料夾,Terminal中輸入 ``` npx nuxi@latest init <project-name> cd <project-name> ``` ![IMG_0382](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJvVsDAAT.jpg) > 如果看到node.js或npm有版本可以更新,建議都先不要,改了之後整個專案可能會都會執行不了。 建好專案之後,你應該會看到如下的資料夾結構 <img src="https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJlA6D0Ca.jpg" width="200px"> 最外層的資料夾(如public server...)都代表了某些特定功能,所以資料夾名字**不能亂取**,檔案也不能亂放。 ### 資料夾結構 <img src="https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJ7tCwART.jpg" width="200px"> 沒錯,就是這麼多XD,但好消息是你用不到全部,所以這裡只講一些重要的跟常用的。 - components: 放的是**會重複用到**的vue檔案,所有components資料夾下的所有vue檔案都會自動被nuxt載入,意思是你不需要在要引入的檔案中使用 ```import Button from "@/components/base/foo/Button.vue"``` ``` // 今天有一個Button.vue在的位置在 | components/ --| base/ ----| foo/ ------| Button.vue // 則這個元件的全局名稱叫 <BaseFooButton /> ``` - layout: **固定**出現在畫面某位置的元件,例如navbar。範例中slot為layout元件內層標籤的放置位置。 ``` html // layouts/default.vue <template> <div> <p>default layout</p> <slot /> // NuxtPage的內容 </div> </template> // pages/about.vue <template> <NuxtLayout name:"default"> <NuxtPage /> </NuxtLayout> </template> ``` - pages: 根據你的資料夾路徑決定頁面的路由(nuxt最重要的功能: 不用管理Router了) ``` // (特別) index.vue代表當前資料夾名稱的頁面 -| pages/ ---| index.vue // localhost:3000 ---| user/ -----| index.vue // localhost:3000/user -----| profile.vue // localhost:3000/user/profile ---| good-[id]/ // 動態路由 -----| [price].vue ---|_slug.vue // 匹配不到時就跳到這頁面 ``` 動態路由: 路由中的變數可以被頁面取得,以上面當例子,如果我點擊```<NuxtLink to="localhost:3000/good-10/200" />```,則你可以利用下面的程式碼取得id跟price的值。 ``` html <script setup> const route = useRoute(); let [id, price] = route.params; </script> ``` - public: 放不會在build過程中使用到的靜態檔案,所以到時候你們用到的圖片都會存在這裡。 - server: nuxt的特色之一,可以在這個資料夾裡面寫後端的API,也可以使用資料庫。如果你的後端需求不高的話可已考慮。 - nuxt.config.ts: 整個nuxt專案的設定檔。如果你要新增某些plugin(tailwind, pinia),或是更改nuxt工作的設定,來這邊就對了。 ### pinia > 這是去年幾乎沒用到的東西,但後來發現他可以很大程度的改善網站,一定要知道。 pinia是vue跟nuxt官方推薦的**狀態(state)管理工具** ...你說狀態是甚麼? 其實你就把狀態想像成儲存在nuxt裡的全域變數,如果某些資料會在差異很大的地方同時用到,或是要在檔案之間傳來傳去很麻煩,那拜託要想起有個東西叫State。 1. 在專案根目錄底下創建一個stores資料夾 2. 如果你今天想建立一個全域變數叫counter,那就建立counter.js 3. 建立新store ``` javascript import { defineStore } from 'pinia' export const useCounterStore = defineStore('counter', () => { // 此store的state const count = ref(0) // computed代表計算函數,以不改變count的值為原則 const doubleCount = computed(() => count.value * 2) // function是store的方法,可以對state進行操作 function increment() { count.value++ } return { count, doubleCount, increment } }) ``` :::warning use[Var]Store 雖然不是硬性規定,但請遵守命名規則,避免別人看不出這是Store相關函數。 ::: 4. 取出counter的值並使用內建函數。 ``` html <script setup> import { useCounterStore } from '@/stores/counter' // 請注意,counterStore裡的state已經是ref了 const counterStore = useCounterStore() // doubleCount後面不要加() let doubleValue = counterStore.doubleCount counterStore.increment() </script> ``` > 至於怎麼解構state之類的進階問題,請直接去查[官方文檔](https://pinia.vuejs.org/zh/),沒幾頁,你大概30分鐘就可以看完了。 ## Sass 讓你的css規律好看些,並且重複性那麼高 :::info Sass 分兩種 - SASS & SCSS,主要用SCSS,因為它兼容css,也比較好讀。 ::: ``` css .footer { background-color: black; color: white; /* .footer_section */ &_section { padding: 8px 12px; /* .footer_section:first-child */ &:first-child{ padding-left: 20px; } } /* .footer a */ & a { text-decoration: none; } } ``` 當然還有其他功能,@mixin、@include、@extend...,但一來他們比較複雜,二來nuxt中有些功能並無法完整實現,所以有興趣自己試試就好。 ## Tailwind >跟TypeScript、Svelte共稱前端三大用過就回不去的開發工具。 直接看範例應該就懂了 ``` html <template> <!-- 手機版 --> <div class="pt-[10vh] h-screen w-screen gird-row-30vh-20vh-1fr phone"> <button class="row-start-2 flex justify-center items-end active:scale-105 transition-all" @click="jumpPortal"> <img src="/jump/phone-portal.png" alt="portal" class="h-[28vw] max-h-[100%]"> </button> <NuxtLink to='/' class=" row-start-4 flex justify-center items-start active:scale-105 transition-all"> <img src="/jump/phone-turnBack.png" alt="back" class="h-[22vw] max-h-[100%]"> </NuxtLink> <div class="row-start-5 flex justify-center p-[3vh] pl-0 gap-[2vh]"> <div class=""> <img src="/jump/rabbit.png" alt="enable" class="h-[80%]"> </div> <div class="pt-[4vh]"> <button class=" active:scale-105 transition-all" @click="jumpRegister"> <img src="/jump/phone-enable.png" alt="enable" class="w-[28vh]"> </button> </div> </div> </div> </template> ``` 這是2023年跳轉頁面的template,你會每個元素的class都很長一條,這就是tailwind的特色,**每一項css屬性都獨立成一種class**,讓你在編輯html時可以同時排版。 當然我們講不完所有class,所以先挑一些常用到的來介紹。 1. ```class="p-12"``` -> padding: 3rem; 2. ```class="m-6"``` -> margin: 1.5rem; 3. ```class="h-1/2"``` -> height: 50%; 4. ```class="w-full"``` -> margin: 100%; 5. ```class="none"``` -> display: none; 6. ```class="flex justify-center items-center"``` -> display: flex; justify-content: center; align-item: center; 7. ```class="active:scale-150"``` -> (when element is active) transform: scale(1.5) 8. ```class="relative"``` -> position: relative; 9. ```class="absolute top-1/2 left-1/2 -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2"``` -> position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); ### 自訂屬性 如果tailwind沒有提供某些特定的值,例如```top: 66%;``` 你可以用中括號自訂```class="top-[66%]"``` > 但有些屬性的自定義方法可能跟你想的不太一樣,感覺怪怪的畫技的上網查一下。 ## Swagger 晚點補== d

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