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    ###### tags: `Arduino` `電子材料` # 基本電學及基礎電料 ## 電學公式參考 基本單位:電壓( V ) 電流( A ) 電阻( Ω ) 電量( C ) * V = IR (電壓 = 電流 x 電阻) * E = QV = Pt = IVt (能量 = 電量 x 電壓 = 功率 x 時間 = 電流 x 電壓 x 時間) * R = ρL/A (電阻 = 電阻係數(依材質而定) x 導線長度 ÷ 導線截面積) ## 訊號(資料)型態 在Arduino中,大部分的控制執行都是由訊號的傳遞來達成,其中又能分為數位信號、類比訊號及PWM訊號 ### **1. digital(數位** 由連貫的1和0所組成,訊號讀取時只會有高低電位的差別,只要是高電位就是1(true)(HIGH),低電位就是0(false)(LOW),而藉由高低電位的變化再加上時間的移動便能呈現出一連串的資料,在加上特定的函式運算、量化後即可得到想要的數據,而數位信號還會邏輯組合電路有關,甚至到積體電路都是藉由數位信號在運作,而在Arduino中最常見的是LED的明滅、開關的導通與否,更多的是在模組和電腦資料的傳輸,像是I2C協定及SPI協定。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/EOdmZlE.png =x300) ### **2. analog(類比)** 由一連串變動的值所組成,訊號讀取時會有低到高的量值,因為數值基本上是連續的,所以可以出呈現訊號的強弱變化,但缺點在於在傳輸時易受訊號干擾影響,所以通常會先轉換成數位信號進行傳輸,接收端在把訊號轉回類比訊號,常見的應用在於耳機、喇叭、電話等需要透過波動接收訊息的原件上,而在Arduino中顯示的值是由0~1023,也就是由低電位到高電位。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/0aWQnur.png =500x) ### 3. PWM(Pulse Width Modulation,脈衝寬度調變) PWM的原理是利用數位訊號的調變、延遲,來控制能量的輸出,這時能量的變化就會出現像是類比訊號的波動值,藉此模擬類比訊號的輸出,而在Arduino板上的類比腳只能做輸入,並不能輸出,所以要輸出連續的類比訊號就要利用PWM,腳位只能使用旁邊有寫~的數位腳位, ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PWM%2C_3-level.svg/700px-PWM%2C_3-level.svg.png =500x) ## 基本電路所需工具 ### 麵包板 在電子學實作時一定會用到的東西,有很多不同的大小,但都分成兩個方向導通,兩旁的紅和藍線是分別導通,中間則是從溝槽分開,兩邊橫向導通,如箭頭所示 ![](https://i.imgur.com/7oSDJty.png =300x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/KbAEICi.png =300x) ### pcb萬用板 和麵包板類似,但是是要用焊接的方式固定,大小和板子上的焊接點、位置分布要看各廠商,而它又有分為單面噴錫及雙面噴錫兩種 ![](https://i.imgur.com/CFfF2P9.png =300x) ### 陶瓷電阻 在接不論任何電路時不可或缺的一種零件,可依照公式調整電路中的電阻大小,電阻的數值判斷使是用電阻上的環的顏色,常見的有3.4.5.6環,以五環為例:辨別數值的方法是由左到右(右邊是兩環間空格較大的那邊),前幾位是數值,倒數第二環是倍數(乘上前面的數值),最後一環是電阻誤差值。 [Digi key 電阻值計算機](https://www.digikey.com/en/resources/conversion-calculators/conversion-calculator-resistor-color-code) ![](https://i.imgur.com/4ogChbq.png =300x) ### 杜邦線 它是有接了粗的銅線的電線,長度有很多種,一般多是一排幾十條一組,要撕開一條一條使用也可以,同時它也有公頭和母頭可以接麵包版或是感測器模組,另外如果想自已控制長度,也可以買直徑約0.5-0.6mm的單芯線來代替。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/eKmnjWz.png =300x) ### 焊接工具-電烙鐵&焊錫 烙鐵是加熱焊錫用的工具,型號用瓦數決定,而瓦數可以決定它的加熱速度,市面上也有可以控制溫度的烙鐵,而因為瓦數的不同、最高溫的不同(定溫的烙鐵),所以烙鐵頭也有所不同,瓦數越大的溫度越高,加熱速度也越快,而通常買烙鐵會順便買它的架子,上面的海綿也是必備品之一。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/L05d0Xr.jpg =300x) 焊錫有分為有鉛銲錫及無鉛銲錫,因為有了鉛,所以當它被加熱時容易溢散出鉛蒸氣(***<font color = "red">有毒</font>***),操作時要盡量找通風良好的地方並避免吸入。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/dm76Thk.jpg =300x) ## 電子零件 ### [電容](/5U2Mv7fKR8GGnivmbVT1-A) 它有點類似於蓄水池的概念,可以暫時的存放能量,需要時再放出。 ### [電阻](/0cl8WzjNTumtD-B-YIZ_MQ) 電路中最重要的一個元件,用來控制電路中的電流大小。 ### [開關](/DkqwwXjsTEe-U5CQUt_A9A) 開關顧名思義是控制電路的啟動與否,或是用來控制電流的走向 ### [電晶體](/jtiyypCsRuKO-SSRJKe2qw) 電晶體可藉由訊號的控制來調整輸出的電流大小,也能想成是訊號的放大器 ### [二極體](/1ujQ-2hgRLiHYpaACo6hIw) 二極體是一個只能單向導通的電子元件,常見於電流的整流或是安全防護 ### [振盪器](/ItWzHh_6QhiUIZy4P0ui9A) 有許多的IC有其不同的工作時脈(CLOCK),所以需要振盪器來提供IC工作所需的時脈 ### [繼電器](/auvL3deKSKay0lQhnAg3uw) 繼電器是利用電流通過來控制內部的電樞,達到類似開關的效果,常用於大電流的控制 ### [蜂鳴器](/iqDUzDi3SIq2yct7Zj41uw) 可發出聲音的小型的喇叭,一般分為有源和無源 ### [積體電路(IC)](/pxeZLUkLQ3Gjthpn572-JA) 凡是能自主運作的家電或是電子用品都有它的身影,功能也各不相同

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