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    ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJEVEcqxa.png) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Bk6H4q5ep.png) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByzTYqqea.png) ### 衛星覆蓋經緯度 好的,根據不同軌道高度,大概的經緯度覆蓋範圍如下: LEO (低地球軌道): 軌道高度:550 ~ 2000公里 經度範圍(Δ經度):大約60° ~ 80° 緯度範圍(Δ緯度):大約±83°(傾角97°軌道) ~ ±50°(傾角40°軌道) MEO (中地球軌道): 軌道高度:8000 ~ 12000公里 經度範圍:大約120° 緯度範圍:大約±83°(傾角97°軌道) GEO (地球靜止軌道): 軌道高度:35786公里 經度範圍:理論上180° 緯度範圍:大約±70° 以上是基於一般衛星天線指向性和傾角的大概範圍。 主要特點是: LEO經度範圍較小,緯度範圍取決於軌道傾角 MEO和GEO可以覆蓋更廣泛的經緯度範圍 當然實際覆蓋範圍還受其他因素影響,以上給出了一個大致估計。 ### 計算衛星覆蓋範圍的公式如下: R = π * (h + Re)2 - π * Re2 其中: R: 衛星的覆蓋半徑 (公里) h: 衛星的軌道高度 (公里) Re: 地球平均半徑,約 6378 公里 以一顆軌道高度 550 公里的低軌道衛星為例,帶入公式可計算其理論上的通訊覆蓋範圍: R = π * (550 + 6378)2 - π * 63782 = π * (6928)2 - π * (6378)2 = 3,547 公里 所以這顆軌道高度 550 公里的衛星,其理論上的地表通訊覆蓋範圍半徑約為 3,547 公里。 對於MEO中地球軌道衛星: 以軌道高度12,000公里為例,帶入公式計算: R = π * (12,000 + 6,378)2 - π * (6,378)2 = π * (18,378)2 - π * (6,378)2 = 41,805 公里 所以軌道高度12,000公里的MEO衛星,其理論上的地表覆蓋範圍半徑大約是41,805公里。 對於GEO地球靜止軌道衛星: 軌道高度約35,786公里,帶入公式計算: R = π * (35,786 + 6,378)2 - π * (6,378)2 = π * (42,164)2 - π * (6,378)2 = 42,164 公里 因此對於這種GEO衛星,它的理論覆蓋範圍半徑是42,164公里。 當然實際的通訊範圍會受到地形、天氣等因素的影響而有所調整。這個公式可以給我們一個簡單的估算。 ### 衛星覆蓋範圍V2 好的,如果已知軌道高度,要計算該軌道衛星對某個區域的理論覆蓋面積,需要以下參數: R:地球半徑(6378公里) H:軌道高度(單位公里) θ:衛星天線可以服務的最小仰角 φ:欲覆蓋區域的緯度範圍(北緯與南緯之差) λ:欲覆蓋區域的經度範圍 計算公式如下: 計算衛星到地心的距離 R1 = R + H 計算區域邊緣用戶到地心的距離 R2 = R/cos(φ/2) 計算覆蓋面的中心角 2φ = 2*sin−1((R1 - R2)/R1 * sin(θ)) 覆蓋面積 S = πR2^2 * φ/180° * λ/180° 將已知數值代入公式即可計算理論覆蓋面積。此外還需要考慮其他影響因素才能得到實際覆蓋能力。 好的,根據不同軌道高度,舉例計算理論覆蓋面積: LEO (低地球軌道) 軌道高度H = 550 公里 最小仰角θ = 40度 覆蓋區域範圍:緯度±80度,經度120度 代入公式: R1 = 6928公里 R2 = 6378公里 2φ = 52.3度 S = 11.9×106平方公里 MEO (中地球軌道) 軌道高度H = 12000公里 最小仰角θ = 10度 覆蓋區域範圍:緯度±80度,經度120度 代入公式: R1 = 12378公里 R2 = 6378公里 2φ = 16.7度 S = 4.6×107平方公里 GEO (地球靜止軌道) 軌道高度H = 35786公里 最小仰角θ = 10度 覆蓋區域範圍:緯度±80度,經度120度 代入公式: R1 = 42164公里 R2 = 6378公里 2φ = 5.7度 S = 1.6×107平方公里 以上示範了在不同軌道高度下,理論覆蓋面積的計算過程。實際覆蓋面積還受其他因素影響。 ### 衛星訊號的傳輸延遲時間與衛星軌道高度有關,公式如下: Delay = (Distance / Speed of light) * 2 其中: Delay = 訊號傳輸的總延遲時間(秒) Distance = 衛星與地球站之間的直線距離(公里) Speed of light ≈ 300,000 km/s 例如,對於一顆軌道高度550公里的低軌道衛星: Distance = 550 + 6,378 = 6,928 公里(加上地球半徑) Delay = (6,928 / 300,000) * 2 = 0.046 秒 同理,如果是一顆軌道高度35,786公里的GEO衛星,其延遲時間計算為: Distance = 35,786 + 6,378 = 42,164 公里 Delay = (42,164 / 300,000) * 2 = 0.28 秒 所以根據公式,衛星軌道高度越高,訊號來回傳輸的延遲時間也會越長。這也是為什麼LEO低軌道衛星通訊延遲較短的原因。 ### 衛星速度 可以根據衛星的軌道高度,利用下面的公式近似計算其在軌速率: v = √(GM / r) 其中: v - 衛星的軌道速率(m/s) G - 強引力常數,值為6.673 x 10^-11 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2 M - 地球質量,值為5.97 x 10^24 kg r - 衛星與地心的距離,即軌道高度加上地球平均半徑(6378 km) 例如,對於一顆LEO低軌道衛星,軌道高度為500 km: r = 500 + 6378 = 6878 km 帶入公式可得,該衛星的軌道速率約為: v = √(6.673 x 10^-11 x 5.97 x 10^24 / 6878000) ≈ 7.4 km/s 同理,可以計算出其他軌道高度衛星的速率。這個公式由萬有引力定律與軌道運動學推導出,可以快速估算衛星的軌道速率。 ### 服務時間 假設在固定的地點使用單顆LEO、MEO、GEO衛星的可服務時間如下: 對於LEO低軌道衛星: 軌道周期約90 ~ 120 分鐘,每繞地球一周可服務該地區約5-15分鐘。 所以單顆LEO衛星的可服務時間约为5-15分钟。 對於MEO中軌道衛星: 軌道周期約2-12小時,每繞地球一周可服務該地區0.5 ~ 4 小時以上。 單顆MEO衛星的可服務時間约为0.5 ~ 4 小時。 對於GEO地球靜止軌道衛星: GEO衛星相對地球固定,可持续为該地區提供服務。 單顆GEO衛星的可服務時間基本上是全天候。 綜合來說,在同一地點使用單顆衛星,從LEO到GEO,可服務時間會越来越長。實際上為了提供持續服務,衛星系统會使用多顆衛星构成 constellation,利用多顆衛星增强覆蓋。 ### 網路延遲與網路速度關係 從網路延遲的角度來看,不同軌道衛星的優劣關係確實是: GEO > MEO > LEO 也就是GEO衛星的網路延遲時間最長,LEO衛星延遲時間最短。 這與軌道高度直接相關,高度越高,訊號來回傳輸距離越長,延遲時間自然越大。 從網路速度的角度來看,則與網路延遲時間成反比。也就是: LEO > MEO > GEO LEO衛星因為延遲時間最短,可以提供更高的網路速度。 而GEO衛星因為延遲時間最長,網路速度相對較慢。 所以綜合網路延遲時間和速度來比較,可以得到: LEO > MEO > GEO 的結論,符合反比關係。 這也是為什麼Starlink選擇大量LEO衛星來提供高速網路連線的原因之一。 ### 網路速度指標 網路速度通常會跟以下幾個指標有關: 傳輸介質:有線網路的光纖、雙絞線,或無線網路的無線電波,傳輸速率不同。 使用的網路協定:像是2G、3G、4G、5G行動網路,或WiFi的不同標準,支持的速率也不同。 信道寬頻:指通訊線路可用的頻寬,數值越高可傳輸越多資料。 延遲時間:訊號往返時間,時間越短速度越快。 網路流量:同時使用的用戶數多寡,流量越大速度會降低。 信號強度:收發訊號品質,強度越好速度越快。 硬體設備:網路設備的規格、效能也會影響速率。 距離:裝置與基地台或中繼站的距離,距離越遠速度越慢。 綜合多項指標最終決定網路的連線速度和使用體驗。

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