Alex Liu
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    # 接受指數投資之沈重 & 回測的誤區 ## 前言 指數投資是一個很棒的投資法,一般人詢問我該怎麼投資時也會極力推廣指數投資 但對於碩士期間耗費青春年華研究量化投資的我,某種程度上是受了「知識的詛咒」(雖然這個詞原意不是這樣),認為自己已經累積許多程式和回測能力,以及許多對交易的想法,不去拼一下打敗市場好像說不太過去 走過那麼多研究歷程以來,我認為主動投資可行,只是個體戶非常難做到,why? > 保持源源不斷的研究動能及時間: - 價值投資要研究財報及產業趨勢並進行估值,我朋友說要用DCF估一間公司的大致價值,差不多要**一個月** - 遑論量化投資要不斷開發新策略,因為既有策略會失效,而且不會只有一隻策略下去跑 (真正的大戶甚至達到多策略、多市場) >夠大部位的本金才能達到風險控制: - 數字與質化並重的巴菲特流派,因為對個別公司研究極深,才有本錢一次重押少數公司 - 如果是財報指標與風險因子的量化價值派,選股都需要10檔起跳,去消彌個別風險 - 量化技術派一次要好幾隻策略下去跑,不會兩條均線走天下的,有幾隻策略本金就要分成幾份,更何況為了風控,每次下單動用該份本金的10%已經算是重押 - 但是對於技術派而言,資金大到一定程度以上之後由於市場容納量不夠大,一進一出都會對造成影響,無法達到「打帶跑」的功效,故技術派的資金量只有一段區間的甜蜜點 (要夠大又不能太大) 只能說,主動投資的門檻非常非常高,就算是本科系出身,光是靠下班的空閒時間根本無法達到,下班時間還是好好享受人生、陪陪家人朋友吧! 主動人生,被動投資 ## 何謂雙動能投資(Dual Momentum) 這陣子無聊看到「雙動能投資」,做了一下研究發覺很有意思,來看看葫蘆裡賣什麼藥 大概是說Gary Antonacci這位老哥,發現用「相對動能」和「絕對動能」可以結合出一個低風險高報酬的策略 回測標的: - S&P 500 - MSCI All Country World Index ex-USA (ACWX) - Barclays Capital U.S. Aggregate Bond Index 只要哪個指數在過去12個月具有較好的報酬率,就轉換至該指數,這個策略經過回測41年,年化報酬率達17.7%,最大虧損程度也比SP500和ACWX低 聽起來很美好吧? 下面就來回測看看! ## 原版雙動能 Vanguard的指數基金費用低廉,而且成立時間比較早,所以在本文選用為回測標的 - 風險資產: VFINX(SP500)、VGTSX(美國除外國際股市) - 無風險資產: VBMFX(美國整體債) - 動能強度定義: 12個月漲幅 - 回測期間: 1998.01~2020.03 [回測連結](https://ppt.cc/fPdiXx) ![](https://i.imgur.com/Tfes0fr.png) 看起來很完美,MDD只有-19%,而且報酬率海放benchmark,那我們把回測期間改為2009.01~2020.03(近11年): ![](https://i.imgur.com/8o2KF1u.png) 如果你剛好從2009年開始投資,能熬過11年的落後嗎?而且還不保證未來會贏呢...下面我們來談談回測可能會遇到的誤區 ## 回測的誤區 ### 回測期間長不代表什麼 我以前也認為,如果在回測期間夠長之下表現也很好,應該就穩妥了 非也非也...就算是長達**20**年的回測,由於2000~2020年就遇上了兩個大熊市(網路泡沫、金融海嘯),就算策略在多頭時落後,只要能躲過空頭,那回測結果就會非常美好 這代表什麼? 開個後照鏡,為那兩個空頭配適幾個能躲過的指標,回測結果就會非常漂亮,我立馬可以舉例兩個: - 近1年內是否殖利率倒掛 - 是否跌破SMA200 但是其實以SMA200作為信號,在2000年以前會被巴的有點慘... ### 過去不代表未來 當你開發出一個好策略,而且回測結果令人滿意,上線後也維持了一陣的好光景,但是無法得知何時會失效 ### 該相信誰? 承上,雖然上線後風光一陣,但是這一年看起來不再有效,究竟是這個策略不適合現在市況而暫時失靈,還是真的已經無效了呢? 也很難知道 ## 改良版:考量不同期間的雙動能 有位老兄發現了原版雙動能的問題,不但提出改良版,還把回測期間拉長到150年,績效更是好到炸裂 [原文連結](https://engineeredportfolio.com/2018/05/02/accelerating-dual-momentum-investing/) 他認為只看12個月漲幅來定義動能會反應過慢也不夠多元,所以直接把1個月、3個月、6個月漲幅相加,希望能綜合短中期的強度一起看 一樣,動手來回測看看 - 風險資產: VFINX(SP500)、VGTSX(美國除外國際股市) - 無風險資產: VBMFX(美國整體債) - 動能強度定義: 1個月、3個月、6個月漲幅直接相加(就是等權重的意思) - 回測期間: 1998.01~2020.03 [回測連結](https://ppt.cc/fyKTdx) ![](https://i.imgur.com/FO3udAr.png) 比原版更猛了,又是一個更逆天的存在,但如果試著在風險資產加入了VGSIX(reits基金)? 這樣想很合理,如果風險資產彼此間有低一點相關性,或許可以讓輪動的效果更好 ![](https://i.imgur.com/iXwoRlo.png) 如上圖,大家最後一起殊途同歸,而且中間也承受不小的drawdown,神話破裂 更誇張的是,如果把動能強度定義變成1個月、3個月、6個月、12個月漲幅直接相加會是如何呢? ![](https://i.imgur.com/ypa5NNn.png) 效果竟然又變好了,只是沒有像前面這麼好,這個變動性太可怕 ## 結論 這套系統擁護者的說法是,這個架構回測時間夠長,而且這個策略很簡單,不會有overfitting(過度配適歷史)的問題,所以經得起考驗 但其實不用動什麼大手腳,只簡單tweak一下,多加一個合理的資產、用不同回測期間,就能造成這麼巨大的變動,所以這套系統的robustness,其實我滿存疑的 故「以不變應萬變」這句話什麼時候奏效?就是面對市場如此高度變動的情境 > 很多人會開始疑惑,被動投資、ETF越來越風行,人多的地方是不是不要去比較好?會不會這個方法有一天也失效? > 1. 乖乖接受「市場報酬」的話,我不知道怎樣算「失效」,因為大家所謂的「有效」應該都是指打敗大盤 被動投資失效...有吧,當世界大戰時資產全部變壁紙的時候 2. 大家都知道多運動、不喝飲料有益健康,但是卻很難做到,被動投資也是如此,「簡單,但不容易」 要屏棄那些想主動打敗大盤的想法、碰到大跌的時候還能堅持紀律、當朋友侃侃而談自己大賺多少時不能心生動搖,長遠來看,投資不是競賽,而是與自我不斷對話的漫漫長路 2017年許多人開心加入被動投資,2018年被洗出去,2019年又來了一批,2020年3月又被甩出去,長年堅持住的有幾個呢? 當大家覺得自己有能力掌握市場時,大大方方承認自己其實一無所知,或許是一種反向投資而且更有機會 對於某些人來說,要承認自己對市場無能為力是很難的事,尤其那些「自認擁有一些財金知識」的人,但是越深入研究市場,就會更清楚市場的無常與自己的渺小

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