8zu
    • Create new note
    • Create a note from template
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
    • Invite by email
      Invitee
    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Engagement control
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Save as template
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Versions and GitHub Sync Sharing URL Create Help
Create Create new note Create a note from template
Menu
Options
Engagement control Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
  • Invite by email
    Invitee
  • Publish Note

    Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

    Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
    Your note is now live.
    This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
    See published notes
    Unpublish note
    Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
    View profile
    Engagement control
    Commenting
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Suggest edit
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    Emoji Reply
    Enable
    Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
       owned this note    owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    Subscribed
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    Subscribe
    # 歡迎,這裡是推翻新自由主義的全球抗爭 > 群眾抗爭撼動了玻利維亞,黎巴嫩與其他許多國家,雖然顯得各有不同,但這些事件都有一個共同的主題。 By Ben Ehrenreich November 25, 2019 [原文](https://www.thenation.com/article/global-rebellions-inequality/) 有什麼——或是誰——一直在敲打屋門。外面很冷,而且只會更冷,但屋內的人正披著毯子,開著電視,舒舒服服地躺在沙發上。但那敲打聲又來了:先是在前門,然後是側門,然後又是後門。也許那只是風在作怪。現在窗戶屋頂牆壁都開始敲打了——這些牆有這麼單薄嗎?這實在令人費解:為什麼一下子有這麼多人一起東敲西打? 但人們確實在敲打著,而且越來越猛。僅上週[敲打聲](https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=5&v=kKViOGV23j8)從[哥倫比亞](https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-50503455)傳來:波哥大、卡利、卡塔赫納、巴兰基亚、麥德林,政府宣布宵禁、軍隊巡邏著街道;再上週是[伊朗](https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/11/iran-more-than-100-protesters-believed-to-be-killed-as-top-officials-give-green-li),一陣堅定的鼓點迅速傳到了一百多個城市,至今至少有一百位抗議者犧牲。誰知道會不會有更多傷亡,我們甚至不知道當地的具體情況,因為政府在抗議第二天封鎖了網絡。但即便是網絡通訊暢通的地方,情況也十分混亂:抗爭的浪潮沖過[阿爾及利亞](https://jacobinmag.com/2019/08/algeria-revolution-abdelkader-bensalah-uprising)、[玻利維亞](https://www.counterpunch.org/2019/11/18/protestors-massacred-in-post-coup-bolivia/)、[智利](https://nacla.org/news/2019/10/24/Santiago-Chile-Protests-Dictatorship)、[哥倫比亞](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/21/colombia-protests-ivan-duque-government)、[厄瓜多爾](https://nacla.org/news/2019/11/18/long-coup-ecuador)、[埃及](https://madamasr.com/en/2019/09/27/news/politics/ongoin)、[法國](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50447733)、[德國](https://apnews.com/99f74d2b32b3495ba6f3616e3dc7275c)、[幾內亞](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/)、[海地](https://www.democracynow.org/2019/10/2/haiti_protests_moise_resignation_jacqueline_charles)、[宏都拉斯](https://www.thenation.com/article/hondura)、[香港](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/07/22/world/asia/hong-kong-housing-inequality.html)、[印度](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50498890)、[印尼](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50498890)、伊朗、[伊拉克](https://www.democracynow.org/2019/10/29/iraq_anti_government_protests_yanar_mohammed)、[黎巴嫩](https://www.thedailybeast.com/lebanons-wild-whatsapp-revolution-challenges-hezbollah-and-the-old-elites)、[荷蘭](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-netherlands-farmers-protests/angry-farmers-cause-dutch-police-to-close-off-parliament-square-idUSKBN1WV0SZ)、西班牙、[蘇丹](https://africa)、[英國](https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50094594)、[津巴布威](https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/2182813/zimbabwe-imposes-total-internet-shutdown-amid-deadly-crackdown)——肯定有國家被我遺漏了,而這僅僅是九月以來的例子。其中一抗爭是比較間接性、常規的種類,頂多讓交通阻塞一天。而另一些抗爭則看起來像是革命,其烈度足夠推翻政府、癱瘓整個國家。 肯定有什麼不對勁。是什麼?又為什麼是現在?過去80多天裡,抗爭傳遍了五大洲——從富裕的倫敦香港到挨餓的德古西加巴和喀土木。這些抗爭的地理位置、訴求與參與者五花八門,我至今沒看到有嚴肅的文章試圖把它們用一個共同的框架來理解。(紐約時報有篇把部分抗爭原因總結為「[民生需求](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/23/world/middleeast/global-protests.html)」的社論,我覺得它引用階級分析概念的程度還沒到主流大報編輯室能夠忍受的極限。) 從表面上來看,這些抗爭看似都是彼此獨立的。伊朗的抗爭起因自政府把油價提高50%,德國法國與荷蘭的農夫癱瘓高速公路是為了抗議環保規定。香港從六月開始的抗爭起因自一個把犯人遣送中國的法案。智利的抗爭來自於地鐵價錢上漲。印尼的抗爭起因自於刑法修法。黎巴嫩的抗爭是因為政府宣布要給汽油到WhatsApp通訊徵稅。 部分的抗爭是由工會跟正式的反對黨組織的,但許多的運動是平行無領導的形式(香港人引用李小龍把這叫做 [Be water](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJMwBwFj5nQ))。這些運動沒有共通的革命意識形態,沒有衝在前面的先鋒黨。要用整個20世紀把世界分裂開來的左右光譜來分析有點力不從心。右翼跟美國政府給香港、伊朗、玻利維亞的民主運動[聲援](https://twitter.com/SecPompeo/status/1195800549322625025)(至少在玻利維亞軍警發動[政變](https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/4493-the-eighteenth-brumaire-of-macho-camacho-jeffery-r-webber-with-forrest-hylton-on-the-coup-in-bolivia)推翻莫拉雷斯政府之前),但對其他的抗議不是謾罵就是假裝沒看到。左翼中的教條主義者在香港與伊朗抗議中嗅到了帝國主義干涉的味道,但對世界上其他的運動都表以支持。 如果你可以撥開催淚瓦斯,那藏在裡面的一些共通點就會開始明顯起來。[智利](https://nacla.org/news/2019/10/24/Santiago-Chile-Protests-Dictatorship)抗議地鐵費漲價 3% 的人民不僅僅是為了「民生需求」(雖然這個漲價會讓交通費吃掉通勤上班族[將近21%的薪水](https://twitter.com/lafundacionsol/status/1184802267200966662)),同時也是因為他們受夠了緊縮政策、[低薪高工時](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct)與債務,恨透了有錢人的貪婪與短視,寧願燒盡一切也要向那些權貴復仇。智利的億萬富翁總統皮涅拉在宣布[全國戒嚴](https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/11/chile-amnistia-internacional-denunciara-violaciones-ante-cidh/)並派軍隊掃街後,在電視上向公民們提醒說智利是個「穩定的民主國家」而且經濟也發展得很好,是混亂的南美大陸中的一塊「[綠洲](https://nacla.org/news/2019/10/30/fire-and-fury-chilean-oasis)」。《經濟學人》[不情願地承認](https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2019/10/20/riots-after-a-fare-increase-damage-chiles-image-of-stability),「智利人民並不喜歡那些提高經濟數據的政策」。 在同一個大合唱的另一個角落,埃及警察剛在九月[鎮壓](https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/10/egypt-largest-wave-of-mass-arrests-since-president-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-came-to-power/)了幾千名抗爭者。埃及經濟部長[嘆道](https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/oureconomy/celebrating-poverty-imf-egypt/)「埃及老百姓沒有享受到經濟改革的好處」。事實上IMF要求埃及政府實行的經濟方針反而引起了60%以上的通貨膨脹,讓幾百萬人陷入窮困。而這居然是被摩根大通分析師說是[「中東改革的模範?」](http://enterprise.press/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/mi_aug2019_egyptbestreform_us.pdf)。 經濟菁英與平民之間認知的差距普遍存在並根源自一個很深刻的問題:過去數十年所有這些發生群眾抗爭的國家,以及大部分其他的國家,都實行著同一個經濟模型:那些家世顯赫的少數人舉杯慶賀的「經濟成長」都是以成千上萬人的貧困為代價,流入歐美銀行的現金流滾滾如下水道排入江河。智利是這個模式的[著名白老鼠](https://www.thenation.com/article/the-chicago-boys-in-chile-economic-freedoms-awful-toll/)。皮諾切特將軍的行刑隊與芝加哥學派的經濟學家們一同創造了所謂的「經濟奇蹟」,但感受到好處的如果不是幸運或無恥之徒那大概就是在裝瞎。如果玻利維亞的群眾運動無法扭轉十一月十日的政變,那玻利維亞可能會走上相似的命運。 很多人都喜歡講「新自由主義」,但這個詞[本來的詞義](https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/07/david-harvey-neolibe)指的是一個全球可行的,維持當前極度的權力不平等的方法。微觀的新自由主義是市政的懶政:例如紐約公共交通系統缺少經費更新設備同時卻似乎有[無限的經費](https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2019/11/14/mta-will-spend-249m-on-new-cops-to-save-200m-on-fare-evasion/)來抓逃車費的少數民族;而天上,百萬富翁們乘著直升飛機從一個摩天樓直接飛到另一個摩天樓。宏觀的新自由主義則囊括整個星球,各國權貴們與跨國大企業、金融大鱷們勾結起來壓低工資,把大部分財富圈在一個小圈子裡。 千禧年初充沛的中國資本與高升的原物料如油價、天然氣、礦物與農產品等使得窮國有空間週轉。有段時間內,窮國們可以不用跟IMF借錢,也就不用遭受那些名為「 改革」陷阱條款,這些條款以「自由化」之名強迫窮國政府縮減預算榨乾公有領域資源,把國有財產變賣給私人,還要放鬆勞工保護法律等等。在拉丁美洲,一系列左翼政府上台,著實改善了貧窮與貧富差距問題。但製造業景氣在十年後終於沒了勢頭,中國經濟減慢,IMF在無人問津了幾年以後又重操它[人見人厭]([discredited](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2012/10/12/imf-austerity-is-much-worse-for-the-economy-than-we-thought/))的[老本行](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/may/27/austerit)了。 各國菁英當然求之不得為了發財犧牲自己國家的勞工。厄瓜多總統列寧莫雷諾在今年三月與IMF達成協議借款42億美元,然後在[十月份](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/ecuador-unrest-protests-eru)他依約調降公務員的薪水並取消了通勤油費津貼,導致柴油價格翻倍,幾千名主要是原住民的厄瓜多爾人民上街抗議(莫雷諾很快逃離首都並同意[放棄緊縮政策](https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/10/ecuador-moreno-indigenous-protest-imf-quito.html))。黎巴嫩薩德·哈里里總理為了滿足來自外國110億的借款條件,宣布了[一攬子消費稅](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/protests-erupt-lebanon-plans-impose-taxes-191017194856354.html)——汽油、菸草、用網絡服務打電話都成了徵稅目標。在延續12天將近黎巴嫩全國4分之一人口的人民上街抗議以後,哈里里下台,但抗議依舊強勁。 同樣的情形甚至在IMF與世界銀行觸角之外的國家都依樣發生。伊朗雖然遭受長達四十年之久的[經濟封鎖](https://truthout.org/articles/intensified-us-sanctions-bolster-irans-hardliners-and-fuel-angry-protests/),但也同樣採取了一系列[緊縮政策](https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/how-rouhani-s-neoliberal-policies-provoked-unrest-in-iran/)。就算這些「萬靈丹」對經濟[毫無改善](https://www.chronicle.com/article/Austerity-Has-Been-Tested-and/139255),至少它們把經濟封鎖的傷害從伊朗的權貴們身上轉移到平民身上。至少,直到人民受夠了為止。 尊嚴是個有趣的東西:一旦有了尊嚴,你就更難放棄。幾乎所有地方的抗議訴求都超越了其觸發點。香港的抗議者們很快決定撤回送中法案遠遠不夠,還要真普選。(香港立法會一半的席次是由所謂「功能界別」如銀行家、工廠主、地產開發商等決定。其結果是香港[高居全世界之首的貧富差距與房價](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/07/22/world/asia/hong-kong-housing-inequality.html)。)智利抗議者們的抗議訴求從地鐵票價擴展到了取消[皮諾切憲法](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/15/chile-referendum-new-constitution-protests),而目前看來這兩個目標都有實現的希望,皮涅拉已經承諾會撤回漲價並修改憲法。黎巴嫩的抗爭者們正在[辯論](https://aje.io/495gc)這算不算是一場革命。(貝魯特、香港、智利這些私有化最徹底的地方首先爆發衝突並不令人意外)。 蘇丹獨裁者奧馬爾·巴席爾照國際貸款人(這是紐約時報的[委婉說法](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/world/africa/sudan-protests.html))的意見取消了麵粉與汽油的補助款,接下來的抗議推翻了他的30年統治,並且還在繼續。[海地的摩依士總統](https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/demonstrators-in-haiti-are-fighting-for-an-uncertain-future)也一樣。他一年前為了討好IMF讓汽油漲價,於是要求他下台的抗議爆發持續至今。 我們很難不注意到在海地、厄瓜多爾、[津巴布威](https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/2182813/zimbabwe-imposes-total-internet-shutdown-amid-deadly-crackdown)等十幾個國家的抗爭都是來自油價。[許多證據](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/29/climate/coastal-cities-underwater.html)顯示我們必須立即脫離對石化能源的依賴,否則人類文明將會消失在地球上。但是即便這些國家的窮人都廣受氣候暖化之苦,政府推動的提升油價目的都不是為了節能減碳。其原因通常是IMF把借款綑綁消減能源補貼,另一個目的是利用能源稅來填補政府欠款的缺口:這都是讓平民來給貪官掏空公共財富買單的藉口。 在帝國體制的另一邊,富有的歐洲國家也經歷了氣候政策引發的抗議——有些地方是因為環境政策太少如[英國](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/15/extinction-rebellion-activists-defy-london-wi),有些地方則是因為環境政策的負擔不公平,例如[荷蘭](https://www.politico.eu/article/angry-dutch-farmers-swarm-the-hague-to-protest-green-rules/)與德國的農民因為政府限制殺蟲劑與氮排放而用拖拉機阻塞高速公路,還有法國政府一邊開徵[燃料稅](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/05/france-wealth-tax-changes-gilets-jaunes-protests-president-macron)另一邊卻給富人減稅的措施也導致了將近一年的黃衫抗議。 在新自由主義的兩頭,我們都能得到清楚的教訓。第一,任何對抗氣候危機的政策如果不同時照顧全世界絕大多數人的基本需求那必定悲慘地失敗。第二,這些人的基本需求不僅包括食物、衛生、房屋,同時還必須包括人的尊嚴以及團結,而這些都是現有體制無所不用其極要破壞的。 新聞媒體對這麼多的抗爭幾乎都隻字不提,難道不是很奇怪嗎?早幾個月前,小說家 Dominique Eddé 寫道,黎巴嫩的抗爭「就好像是成千上百單獨的人經歷了漫長的冬眠之後,突然同時發現,他們不是一個人」。只要我們看向遠處,我們就會看到全世界的人們正在醒來,每個人都正睜開惺忪的睡眼,往左右看去,然後看到其他人也正回望我們。

    Import from clipboard

    Paste your markdown or webpage here...

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lose their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template has been removed or transferred.
    Upgrade
    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template.

    Create a template

    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?
    Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password

    or

    By clicking below, you agree to our terms of service.

    Sign in via Facebook Sign in via Twitter Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
    Wallet ( )
    Connect another wallet

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Help & Tutorial

    How to use Book mode

    Slide Example

    API Docs

    Edit in VSCode

    Install browser extension

    Contacts

    Feedback

    Discord

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions and GitHub Sync
    Get Full History Access

    • Edit version name
    • Delete

    revision author avatar     named on  

    More Less

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found
    Sign in to link this note to GitHub
    Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub
     

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
        • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
        • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
        Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Include title and tags
        Available push count

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully