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    投資金律 === ###### tags: `Study Group` `讀書會` ## 第六章 #### 序 作者認為股票的長期投資的安全性來自於股票高報酬加總的結果。他認爲未來股票的報酬不一定能贏過債卷。 #### 股票之死 - 1979 年「商業週刊」的封面故事 1. 1979 年 8 月創下當時股價新低點 875 點。 2. 當時股市氣氛低迷,甚至連法人都從股市抽離資金。 3. 唯有 65 歲以上的老人持續加碼,因為他們還記得如何根據傳統評估標準來衡量股票價值。 4. 結論 * 人性很容易受到過去十年、二十年歷史報酬的誤導。 * 當某種特定資產最近的報酬狀況特別高或特別低的時候,我們應該信任手邊能夠找到的最久遠的資料,而不僅是眼前的數據。 * 我們要自行能夠評估報酬。 * 絕對不要低估堅守信仰所需要的勇氣。能做到這點,未來報酬必然十分甜美。 #### 孤立無援的班傑明*葛拉漢 1. 1920 年之後的股市低迷,葛拉漢想要搞清楚為什麼這麼多人錯得離譜,而且還維持這麼久。苦思許久後,在當時景氣大蕭條時寫出「證券分析」這本磚頭書。 2. 當時許多人非常認同「投資與投機」中的看法,乾脆就只投資債券。 3. 葛拉漢在探討是事物時,還是從最根本的問題出發:「什麼是投資?」- 投資行為是一種經過徹底分析已獲致高度安全與豐厚報酬的舉動。無法符合這些標準的做發都應報以懷疑態度。 4. 葛拉漢建議即使是最保守的投資人也應該再投資組合中保留百分之二十五的股票,至於最積極的投資人則不應該超過百分之七十五。 5. 在不同時代裡,泡沫破滅所造成的社會衝擊各自不同,有的長有的短,有的造成很深遠的影響,有的只是短暫的現象。 6. 1932 年,各地絕望且憤怒的投資者紛紛要求政府介入調查華爾街的推託之詞,於是國會組成了一個因行及貨幣委員會,並且娉任「南*皮科拉」擔任顧問。 7. 在舉辦「皮克拉聽證會」之後,立法出現了重大的變化,其中有四個部分 * 國會通過三項新的法律,有四個部分: * 1933 年,「美國證券法」確立了股票及債券發行必須經過更公開而公平的程序。 * 1934 年,「美國證券法」則規範證券交易方式與設立了美國證券管理委員會。 * 1940 年,「投資公司法」解除了投資信貸全盤潰散的危機,而讓現代公同基金得以發展。 * *「葛賽法案」則教商業銀行與投資銀行切分開來,這項法律最近被廢止,遲早我們會付出很大的代價重新認識七十年前為什麼要通過這項法律。(供三小)* 8. 嚴苛的熊市只不過是生命裡必然的歷程。當景氣趨於蕭條時,專業投資者還是穩如泰山。 9. 投資再平衡的技巧,會幫助我們在股市一片和樂時高價賣出股票,然後當股市充滿哀嚎時低價買進股票。 10. 總結 * 世上沒有什麼新鮮事,我們需要對過去的瘋狂和失敗有所理解。亞封斯*卡爾:「事物變化的愈大,也就維持在本來的樣子」。 * 市場會一再地陷入非理性的狂歡及最悲慘的沮喪之中。所以有可能一時之間會掉入地獄,但事情也總是有轉機。請保持理性! * 景氣循環是會一再發生的事情。迪克*泰勒指出:「所有的財物都是行為取向」,投資者就是會受到腦中情緒與反應的控制,再久都改不了。 * 風險和報酬就是一體兩面。大樂觀的時候報酬最低,而一切看起來黯淡無光時,未來報酬最高。 ## 投資心理學 阻擋獲利最大的障礙就是人本身,人總是受到行為習慣影響。其實最懂人性的人,很有可能就是股市裡獲利最多的投資者(像是莎士比亞)。 ## 第七章 #### 序 1. 投資者的最大問題,甚至是最大的敵人,很有可能就是他自己 - 班傑明*葛拉漢。 #### 迪克*泰勒 1. 經濟學中最大的假設就是投資者必然理性,但事實並非亦然。 2. 迪克*泰勒因為討論一場暴風雪中要不要去看籃球賽,有了行為財務理論的啟發。 3. 泰勒不喜歡自己被上了「行為經濟學」領域的學者這個標籤。他說:「難道還有其他領域的經濟學嗎?」。 #### 別被牛群踩死 1. 當大家都覺得某檔股票都是好投資,那都必定會持有這檔股票,那還有誰會繼續買進拉升價格? #### 沒有人能高過平均值 1. 研究顯示,有百分之八十一的創業者認為自己很有機會成功,但只有百分之三十一個人真正達到願望。 2. 研究顯示,有百分之八十二的美國青年駕駛認為自己可名列安全駕駛的前三成。 3. 上述兩點指出,普遍人們對於自己過度自信。 4. 「回饋效應」的時間越久我們愈容易膨脹,反之則越謹慎,像是醫生緊急動刀。 5. 擁有數百億美元的退休基金的經理人都無法打敗大盤了,我們憑什麼覺得自己可以? 6. 過度自信的兩個原因 * 我們總是只記得成功的經驗,忘記失敗的歷史 * 我們將成功歸功於技術 #### 別被眼前的景象所迷惑 1. 我們常被眼前下跌的股票寶以較低的預期報酬,原因是行為科學家所稱的「時近效應」,我們習慣於過度強調最近數據的重要性,卻忽略了更早以前的數據,即便過去的數據更完整。 2. 時近效應之所有這麼有殺傷力在於,通常每三年各種投資標的都會出現一次「均線反轉」,所以當我們一味跟風,隨之而來的就是受傷。 #### 讓我痛快一下 1. 作者提出「投資痛快定價理論」,簡稱「痛價論」。每獲得一滴痛快就要付出相對應的預期報酬作為代價。舉例來說:「買電影票就是高痛快價值 - 零報酬」、「投資福特這類的大公司,是低痛快價值 - 低增值但是會有最高的報酬」。 #### 錯誤的風險 1. 我們會對短期的下跌,抱以更高的恐懼。 2. 我們稱之為「短視損失厭惡症」。 3. 我們人類之能感知到短期風險,這是出自於人類的天生本能,我們會時時感知危險。 4. 一般投資者對於風險的認知期間大約僅有一年,非常短視。(股票抱一年下跌就 hold 不住了) #### 數不可能長到天上去 1. 成長股的報酬會在前五年內到達高峰,但在後面時優勢則蕩然無存。 2. 所以在泡沫破裂時,價值股的表現法而最好。 #### 如墜五里霧中 1. 人類與生俱來抽象的概念,例如:「牛頓因為蘋果掉下來想到地心引力」。 2. 但就投資而言抽象能力會使我們變得更沒生產力。理由就是,我們對於股票與債卷的定價根本分亂無章。所以我們找不到一個絕對的規律。 3. 大量財務與經濟數據彼此間的關聯性可能就只是隨機出現。例如:「孟加拉奶油產量與標普五百指數之間的關聯性」 4. 財務大師伯納*巴魯克:「大家都知道的事,就是根本沒有必要知道的事」。 5. 就算能夠建立一套模式,這些模式還是有可能變動的。(所以我們要隨時去調整策略) #### 可悲的會計 1. 我們傾向於將成功投資和失敗投資分開來看,讓我們無法專心在最重要的焦點上 - 「投資組合」。 2. 投資組合的成功才是重點! #### 鄉村俱樂部症候群 1. 有錢人有的痛苦,他們會把資金交給專業經理人來管理,才能與其他暴發戶聊天,太平凡的投資實在說不出口 2. 有錢人和你我都不一樣,他們被搶的方式更多。 ## 其他 1. 即使是不動的鐘,一天也能有兩次機會準確無誤。 ## 2021/02/25 消息面 1. 港交所擬提高股票印花稅自 0.1% > 0.13% - 港股暴跌 2. 各種罪(最) 1. Stocks: all-time high 股價:歷史新高 2. Home prices: all-time high 房價:歷史新高 3. Corporate bond yields: all-time low 公司債殖利率:歷史新低 4. Mortgage rates: all-time low 房貸利率:歷史新低 5. Inflation expectations: 8-year high 通膨預期:八年新高 6. Fed: need 0% rates & more bond buying to boost asset prices & increase inflation 聯準會:零利率和更多購債來增進資產價格和通膨 7. Bitcoin: $52k, all-time high 比特幣:歷史新高 這邊我幫補充兩個台灣方面 8. 台灣 M1B, M2: 年增率十年新高 M1B 是可支配資金,包含通貨淨額(現金)+支票存款+活期存款+活期儲蓄存款;M2 是 M1B+定存、外匯存款&others 流動性沒這麼好的資產。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/RnJBYDh.png)

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