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    # GRE Issue 開頭、結尾段寫法 ###### 本文參考自張雷冬-GRE作文題庫-北美範文精講 [ToC] # Issue 開頭段的寫法 ## :memo: 開頭段的基本原則 ### 語言表達盡量簡潔有力 :::warning 限於台灣考生的寫作水平和語言能力 ,一但把開頭構造的太長(多於三句話,或寫到70字以上),往往容易偏離主題或導致結構很亂。因此,除非對自己的語言能力有信心,否則一般開頭段用兩三句話簡單陳述話題背景並表達自己的立場即可。在開頭段應避免對話題背景進行詳盡的敘述,或在開頭使用過於囉唆的從句和複雜句式。 ::: ### 直接切入主題,不說空話、廢話、套話 :::warning 有些考生不確定以何種方式切入論證較好,有些考生試圖在開頭堆一些永遠正確的詞湊字數,而導致開頭充滿一些奇怪的話,這種現象應避免。 ::: ## :memo: Issue開頭的常用構造 ### Topic+Position+(Reason) :::info - 最簡單的開頭處理方式,可應用於所有題目。 - 其中,"Reason"這一元素的使用比較靈活。首先它並非必需使用。有些開頭僅用T+P兩個元素構造也完全可以。另外,並非只有這種開頭結構才可以使用這一元素。在任何開頭中如果覺得語言過於單薄,或者覺得自己的核心立場與正文展開之間需要一些過渡,就可以使用R這一元素。 ::: --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/wgVBfny.jpg) --- 以下四種開頭結構均由T+P這一基本形式衍生而來 #### T+Cc(Concession)+P --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/AK5mLD0.png) --- :::info - 適用所有題目、所有立場和所有文章結構 - Cc元素使用非常靈活,可以結合在其他的開頭形式中使用。 ::: #### T+A(Assumption)+P --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/oAASWhp.png) --- :::info - 一般用於反對立場。 - 在開頭所點名的假設(推論)必須在正文作為負面因素(之一),用較大的篇幅展開討論。 ::: #### T+Cp(complexity)+P --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/SB8Ud2T.png) --- :::info - 一般用於一些跨專業、跨領域,需要從多方面展開論證的題目。 ::: #### T+Ct+Position --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/x7411dW.png) --- :::info - 一般用於提出與作者不同的觀點的另一種看法。 - 注意的是,這種開頭採支持和反對兩種立場時應使用不同的語言結構,如果支持作者立場,那麼第一句就要說如:I strangly agree with the speaker that...,而不必在陳述不同看法後再重複表支持的態度。 ::: ### Q+A(answer)+P --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/CSwB915.png) --- :::info - 適用所有題目,T+P的一種變體。 - 如果覺得T+P缺乏創意,就用這個吧。 ::: ### P+R+(E) --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/TuVCs0g.png) --- :::info - 幾乎適用所有題目,無論採什麼立場。 - 這是唯一一種在第一句話就表立場的形式。除了T+Cp+P立場會在第一句表立場,其餘都放最後表立場。 - 需注意,最後一句的例子不是非寫不可,目的是給讀者提示、闡明論證; 而且最後一句的例子不能是某人某事等具體例子,應該是比較宏觀、整體性的層面,領域。 - 這種開頭具有一定的思維深度及變化,用途很廣,可以多練習。 ::: ### B(background)+P --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/FIHBWsu.png) --- :::info - 適用於所以題目。 - 對於背景的描述盡量簡潔。很多考生喜歡把該歷史緣起、過去發展、未來展望雜在一起,會導致文章雜亂。應用一兩句話簡單概括即可。 - 寫背景時,應預先針對Issue涉及的領域進行針對性的共通描述。寫作時只需將題目所屬領域和正文論證進行改寫。注意如果使用通用背景,要避免描述過於空洞、抽象、宏觀,且與該主題密切相關,與正文論證內容相互呼應。 ::: ### P1+P2+P3 --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/Op2g5bR.png) --- :::info - 適用於論證點較多且雜,很難用一句話概括立場的題目,應用在推理(Reasoning)的顯性、隱性題目居多。 - 這開頭直接從正文的內容提鍊而來,因而與正文論證結合非常緊密。 - 一般用兩到三句話把正文簡單概括,確保開頭簡明直接。 ::: :::success 以上所介紹的是Issue開頭比較常用的構造方式。除此之外,有些題目可以使用O+P(Old-saying + Positon,格言+自己立場)的形式,及飲用主體相關名言、經典小說或電影台詞、歌詞引出自己立場;或是用E+P(Example+Position,例子+自己立場)的形式。考驗考生的知識面、素材累積較高,這就不做重點介紹。考生可根據具體題目情況嘗試使用。 ::: # :memo: 結尾段的基本元素 ## :rocket:Issue 結尾的四個基本元素 - 對與自己不同觀點的合理性進行讓步(Concession,C表示)。 - 重申核心立場(Reprise of Position,P) >這裡不能簡單照搬開頭段的核心立場,應該換用其他表達形式再次表明 - 對核心立場進行簡單解釋(Explanation,E) - 對核心立場進行反證(Double negation,D) >用雙重否定句等句式表達"如不接受本文立場,則將會...",加深論證力度 --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/kHmd3PF.png) --- # :memo: 結尾段基本元素的組合變化 ### 1. 兩元素組合 - P+E(或E+P):重申立場+解釋主要理由 --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/ANpvf8A.png) --- - P+D(或D+P):重申立場+反證 --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/ghwJ5h9.png) --- :::info :pushpin: **Hint:** 如果只採用兩元素構造結尾,一般無法應用C這一元素,因為C+P的結尾結構會顯得過於單薄。 ::: ### 2. 三元素組合 用三個元素來構造的結尾是應用最廣,也更容易掌握的結尾寫法,如: - D+P+E:反證+重申立場+遞進解釋 --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/BkIrALQ.png) --- - C+P+E:讓步+重申立場+遞進解釋 --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/75Ddhsx.png) --- 也可以嘗試C+D+P、D+C+P等組合,此外,還可以將某些開頭元素使用兩次,將將格式構造為排比的形式。 - P+E+E (或E+E+P) --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/5nDehaD.png) --- :::info :pushpin: **Hint:** P+E+E和E+E+P兩種結尾形式用途廣泛,大多數題目都可以應用。 ::: - P+D+D (或D+D+P) --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/JGy6yUX.png) --- - 少數題目也可以應用C+C+P的結尾構造 ### 3. 四元素組合 - D+C+P+E --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/5I6wNAY.png) --- :::info :bulb: **Hint:** 或是採取E+C+P+D、C+D+P+E等形式,要注意使用四元素構造,一定要保持語言精簡。 ::: - P1+P2+P3(全面總結觀點型結尾) 這種結尾適用於正文論證點多且雜,很難用一句話概括全文核心立場的題目(大多數推理型題目都比較適合使用該結尾形式),把正文主要論點進行全面概括,作爲結尾段的構造元素。 --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/f95HZtI.jpg) --- - And MORE ➜ [GRE Argument 開頭、結尾段寫法](https://hackmd.io/@UC87aQslQRev3FUiZthe-A/B1EZUMxYi)

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