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    Git 版本控制系統 === ## Git life cycle ![](https://camo.githubusercontent.com/3a084791b3c5ae27a23ceeb5592d3bf80877cba2/687474703a2f2f6769742d73636d2e636f6d2f666967757265732f3138333333666967303230312d746e2e706e67) `$ git init` `$ echo hello > hello.txt` `$ git add .` `$ tree .git` `$ echo "hello" | git hash-object --stdin` `$ git cat-file -p ce0136` ## Blob object - Git 是 Content-addressable filesystem - Blob 沒有 metadata,沒有檔名資訊 - Blob object 的儲存檔名,是根據內容產生的SHA1 - 內容一樣的檔案,根據SHA1演算法只會存成同一份檔案,不會浪費空間 `$ git write-tree` (根據 staging area 產生 Tree object) `$ git cat-file -p aaa96c` ## Tree object - Git 用Tree object 把 Blob object 組織起來,包括檔案命名何目錄結構 - Blob object 並沒有包含檔案名稱和目錄結構 - Tree object 裡面還可以有Tree object 子目錄 - Tree object 的檔名,一樣是根據容產生的SHA1 ## Commit(demo) `$ git commit-tree c00a5e -m "First commit"` `$ git cat-file -p 579b4` `$ cat .git/HEAD` `$ cat .git/refs/heads/master` `$ git update-ref refs/heads/master 579b4` `$ git rev-parse HEAD` ## Commit again 修改hola.txt 檔案 , 加入 hola 字串 `$ git commit -am "Second commit"` `$ git cat-file -p 729dd4` ## Commit object - 紀錄 root tree SHA1 - 紀錄 parent commit SHA1 - 紀錄作者,時間和 commit massage 資訊 - Commit object 的檔名,一樣是根據內容產生的SHA1 ## Git Commit 動作流程 - 用內容產生blob object - 寫入file mode, blob SHA1, file name 到 staging area - 根據 staging area 產生 Tree object - 用 root tree SHA1 和 parent commit SHA1 產生 commit object - 用 commit SHA1 更新 master 參考 ## Tag object `$ git tag -a release` `$ git rev-parse release` `$ git cat-file -p e892e6` ## Git 有四種 Objects - Blob - Tree - Commit - Tag ## Reference 參照 - 單純一個檔案紀錄一個SHA1參照 -Tag reference -Branch reference -HEAD reference(指向目前所在的branch) ## Tag reference - `$ git tag tmp` - `$ cat .git/refs/tags/tmp` - reference內容只有Commit object SHA1 ## Branch and HEAD reference - 每次 commit 就會變動 reference - HEAD 指向目前在哪一個 branch - cat .git/HEAD - cat .git/refs/heads/master - 如果在 Branch 上產生新的 Commit,Branch reference 就會自動改指到新的commit 開新 Branch develop `$ git branch develop` 切換 Branch : 改HEAD `$ git checkout develop` 合併 Branch `$ git merge develop` ## Conclusion - Unixlike filesystem - Git filesystem 的設計是一直累加的,不會有東西被刪除 - Blob object 沒有 metadata - Reference is cheap - 開新 branch 只是增加 refs 而已,直到 commit 前都沒有負擔。 - 不像有些VCS開分支會複製一份原始碼,非常耗費資源。 - Intergrity - SHA1 是內容的 checksum - 如果檔案內容有損毀,就會發現跟SHA1不同。如果tree被偷名稱,也會被發現。 - HEAD 指向的SHA1,就是整個 repository 的 checksum - 這在分散式系統非常重要:資料從一個開發者傳到另一個開發者時,卻遭廖沒有修改。 ## Git hack https://github.com/lijiejie/GitHack https://github.com/Rogdham/CVE-2018-11235 https://xz.aliyun.com/t/2371 http://web.jarvisoj.com:32798/

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