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    # 張力整合結構(Tensegrity) ## 1. 張力整合結構定義 - 物理內部總張力與總收縮力(壓力)達到平衡,進而維持自身穩定的結構,受到外力壓迫,會透過系統將力量傳遞分散 - 有限封閉性,局部壓力與周圍的連續張力讓結構體之間並未接觸,而是透過張力繩傳遞力量進而改變 - 如外力過大,破損處未必是承受處(剛性結構),亦非連結處(不平衡的張力結構),而通常是不遠處的結構弱點 - 可以將整個人體組織,透過雙層囊袋模型,看作一個內部平衡的張力整合結構 - 仍屬推測階段 - 省略簡化個別肌肉之間的小作用力,視為一個整體 - 只要壓力和張力達到平衡,系統穩定,結構就會保持穩定 ### 屬於張力整合結構的例子 1. Tensegrity Table ![](https://i.imgur.com/X7iCwwt.png) https://www.wired.com/story/wait-that-table-has-no-legs/ - 如果沒有繩索的張力系統,必須重心維持在同一條線上才能平衡 - 透過巧妙移動重心位置,改變力的結構,用繩索的張力以及系統產生的力矩維持平衡 ### 不屬於張力整合結構的例子 1. 彈蹦床或是蜘蛛網 - 內拉的彈性繩索是緊繃的,一直在對抗外部結構本身的應力 - 屬於強迫的平衡,由外對其施加力量,仍然只會出現在彈性的部分 - 不會傳遞力量到其他部分,反而回增進其他部份的壓力,壞掉的地方就是連結的地方 2. 斜張橋 - 斜張橋(cable-stayed bridge)是同時包含受拉吊索間受壓主塔,受壓主塔與主梁間兩種力學行為的結構型式。因為搭配使用抗拉及抗壓構件,其工程效益較佳、節省材料使用,所以能以更輕巧的結構形式、追求更大的跨度以及美化環境的效果。 - 好的協張橋,或許可以視為一個內力平衡的整體,如果需要固定於外物才能維持平衡就不算了 3. 起重機 - 起重機吊東西的時候,雖然也是透過力矩和張力將力量傳遞到地面,但是卻需要固定在地面,否則相應的反作用力會將起重機抬起 - 因此也不能視為張力平衡的例子 ## 2. 跟肌肉的關係 - 解剖列車中定提出雙袋理論(The double-bag theory) - 身體中由小(細胞)至大(肌肉骨骼系統)的所有結構,都是類似雙重囊袋的結構 - 衍伸解釋 - 張力整合結構中張力傳遞是繩索(理想化狀態) - 在骨骼筋膜系統中,配合雙重囊袋系統的假設,使用氣球外皮般的內外膜會更符合情境 ### 什麼是雙重囊袋 - 可以想像成擠壓氣球,進而折疊而成的結構 - 有彈性 - 張力面可以延續並且傳遞(因為外壁是連在一起的整理) - 內外空間的大小會彼此交互影響 - 三個空間共享一個連續的張力面 - 內袋 - 內外袋之間空間 - 外袋外的空間 - 肌肉骨骼系統的雙重囊袋 - 套用雙重囊袋模型在骨骼系統 - 內袋包覆骨骼或關節液(液體本身也有張力),具體為骨膜或是關節囊 - 內外袋空間(外層包覆的地方)是肌肉 - 力量傳遞的順序 - 1. 肌肉拉筋膜(袋壁),改變張力 - 2. 筋膜再牽引骨膜 - 3. 骨膜再拉骨骼移動 ### 人體中的張力元件(簡化) - 更外圍力量源頭: - 肌肉 - 外圍張力元件: - 肌筋膜 - 發生改變的著力處 - 內部剛性元件: - 骨骼 - 屬於被動受到改變 - 要改變骨骼之間的相對關係,可以從改變軟組織的張力平衡下手,如此骨骼便會重新排列 ## 3. 生物張力整合 - 假設身體是一張力均衡模型,但是可以自行改變內部元件。為了維持整體張力平衡,當受到外力或是其他部分出現問題,導致張力不再平衡的時候,身體便會改變系統中的某部分來代償,繼續維持整個系統的平衡。 https://www.commonhealth.com.tw/blog/1704

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