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    --- slideOptions: transition: slide --- <iframe width="50" height="50" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ENmU2ZVASNI?autoplay=1" style="visibility: hidden"></iframe> <style> div.show{ position: absolute; left:143px;top: 4px; font-size:24px; font-weight:1000; animation: colors 4s; animation-iteration-count:infinite; } @keyframes colors{ 0% { color: #B00; } 33% { color: #0B0; } 66% { color: #00B; } 100% { color: #B00; } } </style> <h1> <div style="float: left;"> Linux 基 木 操 亻 </div> <div class=show> _ </div> <div style="transform:rotate(-10deg);position: relative; left:-17px;"> 乍 </div> </h1> <!--積木超人XD--> ###### tags:`waking lion` --- ## [Bash shell](https://www.cheatography.com/davechild/cheat-sheets/linux-command-line/) ---- ### 終端 Terminal - `Ctrl` + `Alt` + `t`開啟虛擬終端 - `Ctrl` + `Alt` + `F?`開啟終端 - `Ctrl` + `Alt` + `F7`關閉終端 > 你忘了講怎麼離開 tty , 我幫你補上了[name=HTYISABUG] > > ty[name=509] ---- #### 學習如何起飛前,先學習如何降落 我有時圖形介面搞當掉時我就會試試能不能開啟終端(tty)把程式砍掉或重開機 如果真的掛了我就會按 `Alt`+`SysRq`+`r` un**R**aw 將鍵盤控制從 X Server 那裡搶回來 `Alt`+`SysRq`+`e` t**E**rminate 給所有進程發送 SIGTERM 信號,讓它們自己解決善後 `Alt`+`SysRq`+`i` k**I**ll 給所有進程發送 SIGKILL 信號,強制他們馬上關閉 `Alt`+`SysRq`+`s` **S**ync 將所有數據同步至磁碟 `Alt`+`SysRq`+`u` **U**nmount 將所有分區掛載為只讀模式 `Alt`+`SysRq`+`b` re**B**oot 重啟 順帶一題,前3個需要去修改權限才能使用,沒有開權限的話只能用SUB喔 https://read01.com/zh-tw/4ePDGd.html#.Wb_g7k1L-_4 ---- ### 常用指令(登入操作) |指令|原文|意思| |-|-|- |ssh|**S**ecure **SH**ell|遠端連線/**安全殼協議** |scp|**S**ecure ~~**C**ontain **P**rotect~~**C**o**P**y|安全傳輸...反正就是丟檔案出去 |passwd|**PASSW**or**D**|更改密碼 |exit|**EXIT**|離開 |sudo|**S**uper **U**ser **DO**|以超級使用者權限執行(sudo su) |~h~top||資源監視器 |~p~kill||結束處理程序 `$ sudo apt-get install 軟體` ex: `top -o %CPU` 找有消耗最多CPU的程序 `pkill name` 關閉name這個程式 `kill 3283` 關閉PID=3283的程序 ---- <style> div.slides span.fk{display:flex;justify-content:center;position:fixed;top:0;max-height:100%;width:100%;} div.slides span.fk p{flex:1;line-height:0px;margin:0;} </style> <span class="fk"> ![](https://i.imgur.com/Z49qHea.jpg) </span> `sudo` 有好有壞,使用前請先詳閱公開說明書 ### 多執行序 |指令|用途| |-|- |Ctrl+z| freeze & put in background |jobs| view all jobs |bg| run in background |fg [job number]| move background to front ---- #### 練習1 1.連進老師給的server `$ ssh F74059487@140.116.246.146` 2.更改密碼 [140.116.246.145](http://cial.csie.ncku.edu.tw/course/2017_Fall_Programming/download/list-A.txt) [140.116.246.146](http://cial.csie.ncku.edu.tw/course/2017_Fall_Programming/download/list-B.txt) ---- ### 常用指令1 |指令|原文|意思| |-|-|- |ls ~-a~|**L**i**S**t|列出檔案 |cd|**C**hange **D**irectory|更換位置 |pwd|**P**resent **W**orking **D**irectory|顯示現在路徑 |~m~mv|**M**o**V**e|移動 & 改檔名 |cp|**C**o**P**y|複製 `ls -a`是表示顯示隱藏檔 `ls -l`是表示顯示詳細資訊 裏面有子資料夾的就加個`-r` 有一堆奇怪的寫入保護之類就加個`-f` mmv可以用來大量修改檔名 ---- ### 範例 ![](https://i.imgur.com/NDiMT73.png) ---- ### 範例(mv移動) ![](https://i.imgur.com/2dF51QU.png) ---- ### 範例(mv改檔名) ![](https://i.imgur.com/2FHRKAL.png) ---- ### 範例(cp) ![](https://i.imgur.com/nNqIA2A.png) ---- ### 練習2 <span> 1.看看現在在哪裡 <!-- .element: class="fragment" data-fragment-index="1" --></span> <span> 2.看看裏面有什麼 <!-- .element: class="fragment" data-fragment-index="2" --></span> 3.回到家目錄 <!-- .element: class="fragment" data-fragment-index="3" --></span> ---- ## linux檔案結構 <!-- .slide: data-background="#FFF" --> ![](https://i.imgur.com/8mrrs2E.png) linux沒有所謂C槽D槽,所有的資料夾都是在根目錄 / 之下,而硬碟是"掛載"在資料夾上,所以可以創一個資料夾把資料碟掛載上去喔! 想知道開機時掛載的硬碟設定在哪裡嗎?去看看`/etc/fstab` `/`:根目錄 `~`:家目錄 ---- ### 常用指令2 |指令|原文|意思| |-|-|- |mkdir|**M**a**K**e **DIR**ectory|新增資料夾 |rm ~-r~|**R**e**M**ove|刪除 |clear|**CLEAR**|清剛剛的指令殘骸 |man|**MAN**ual pages|手冊頁 |grep||抓! ex: `grep "active" -C3 ./*` 在這裡所有檔案中找有active這個字的檔案並多顯示上下3行的文字 `man scanf|grep -B3 short` 輸出man printf裏面有short和往上3行的文字 ###### *請善用`-h`或`--help`來查如何使用* ---- ### 範例(rm) ![](https://i.imgur.com/iF4aq7p.png) ---- ### 範例(mkdir) ![](https://i.imgur.com/a6HGxAV.png) ---- ### 練習3 <span> 1.創一個lion_practice資料夾 <!-- .element: class="fragment" data-fragment-index="1" --></span> <span> 2.進去lion_practice <!-- .element: class="fragment" data-fragment-index="2" --></span> ---- ### 常用指令(補充) 開文字檔 - less - more - cat - tac (由下往上顯示檔案!) ---- #### 鏈結(ln) * 軟鏈結:(有加`-s`) 1.軟鏈結,以路徑的形式存在。類似於Windows作業系統中的快捷方式 2.軟鏈結可以跨檔案系統 ,硬鏈結不可以 3.軟鏈結可以對一個不存在的檔案案名進行鏈結 4.軟鏈結可以對目錄進行鏈結 * 硬鏈結:(沒加) 1.硬鏈結,以檔案副本的形式存在。但不佔用實際空間。 2.不允許給目錄創建硬鏈結 3.硬鏈結只有在同一個檔案系統中才能創建 ### 偷懶用法 `cd ~` :point_right: `cd`回到家目錄 `ls` :point_right: `l` `ls -l` :point_right: `ll`顯示詳細資料 `ls -a` :point_right: `la`顯示隱藏檔 ## linux使用者與檔案權限(圖) ![](https://i.imgur.com/wkxszot.gif) linux使用者可以分成超級使用者(root)跟一般使用者,一般使用者可以被分成不同的群組 常見檔案類型 `-`:一般檔案 `d`:資料夾 `l`:鏈結 [參考資料](http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0210filepermission.php#filepermission_perm) ## linux檔案屬性(圖) ![](https://i.imgur.com/jY9G0Uy.gif) 連結數: 每個檔案都會將他的權限與屬性記錄到檔案系統的i-node中,連結數是說有多少個不同的檔名連結到相同的一個i-node號碼 Google it! 關鍵字:inode --- ## [基礎正規表示法](http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0330regularex.php#basic_regexp) |符號|意思| |-|- |`^`|行首 |`$`|行尾 |`.`|任一字元 |`*`|任何數量的前一個字符(包含0個) |`[]`|只擷取中括號內有的東西 `[]`的使用方法很多,詳細請見[這裡](http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0330regularex.php#basic_regexp_char) 在vim跟grep都很常用到喔~ --- ## 資料流重導向 `>` :覆蓋 `>>`:累加 ex:`a.out << input_data > output_data` --- ## [Vim](https://vim-adventures.com)(**VI** i**M**proved) $ vimtutor zh_TW vim-advanture玩到後面要錢QQ ---- ### vim模式 * 命令模式 (任何模式按`esc`) * 輸入模式 (命令模式按`i,a,u...`) * 底線命令模式 (命令模式按`:`) ---- ### 命令模式1(移動) |指令|意思 |-|- |h|左 |j|下 |k|上 |l|右 |e|下一個字的字尾 |b|上一個字的字首 |gg|文件開頭 |G|文件結尾 |gf|開啟游標上該路徑的檔案 用不習慣之前先用方向鍵吧! ---- ### 命令模式2(編輯) |指令|意思 |-|- |<span><!-- .element: class="fragment highlight-red" -->i</span>|進入插入模式 |u|復原 |o|向下插入一行並進入插入模式 |r|修改(一個字母) |x|刪除(一個字母) `Ctrl`+`r`:重做 `Ctrl`+`n`:自動補齊相同的字 看起來很多指令,不過這裡的指令只要知道`i`就好了! 關於自動補齊等等的,我推荐使用vim的插件 ex:[YouCompleteMe](https://github.com/Valloric/YouCompleteMe) ---- ### 常用指令3(操作) |指令|意思 |-|- |v|選取 |d|刪除 |y|複製 |c|修改(進入輸入模式) |w|一個詞的範圍 |p|貼上 |/word|找word這個字 ex:`dd`,`yy`可以刪除或複製一整行,`5dd`就是刪五行,`yw`就是複製一個詞 `Ctrl`+`v`可以選方框型的範圍,用來把前面的tab改成註解`//`很好用! 也可以在複製剪下前加上`"a`字存在a暫存器裡,詳情請見[此](https://www.itread01.com/p/200345.html) ---- #### 練習3 <span> 1.打開vim,檔名叫test.c <!-- .element: class="fragment" data-fragment-index="1" --></span> <span> 2.按`i`進入輸入模式&&Coding~! <!-- .element: class="fragment" data-fragment-index="2" --></span> <span> ```clike= #include<stdio.h> int main(){ printf("hi!\n"); return 0; } ``` <!-- .element: class="fragment" data-fragment-index="2" --></span> <span> 3.按`esc`回到標準模式 <!-- .element: class="fragment" data-fragment-index="3" --></span> ---- ### 底線命令模式1(`:`) |指令|意思 |-|- |w|存檔 |q ~!~|離開 |x|存檔離開 |55|移到55行 |make|編譯(請先設好makefile或是set makeprg) |!指令|執行shell指令 另存新檔只要`w 檔名`就好了 ---- ### 底線命令模式2 |指令|用途 |-|- |vsp|分割視窗 |`a,bs/target/replaced word/g`|從a行到b行所有的target取代成replaced word vsp可以看同個檔案,或者是後面加./再看你要開哪個別的檔案 ex:`3,$s/^/\/\//g` 從第3行到最後一行的開頭都換成`//` `3`是開始行數,`$`表示結尾(正規表示法),s表示取代,\是讓下一個/不會誤認為指令的一部份,最後的/g是讓所有找到的對象都做取代 ---- ### 底線命令模式3 |指令|意思 |-|- |syntax **on off**|程式語法自動標色 |set ~no~nu~~mber~~|前方加數字 |set ~no~paste|貼上不會亂 |set ~no~ai|自動縮排 |set background=**dark light**|設定背景顏色 |set makeprg=gcc/ hello.c/ -o/ hello|設定預設編譯器 這類的常常丟在~/.vimrc或是~/.vim/vimrc裏面,打開時自動幫你輸入 可參考[這裡](http://wiki.csie.ncku.edu.tw/vim/vimrc) ---- #### 練習4 `esc`回到標準模式 `:wq`存檔並離開 <!-- .element: class="fragment" data-fragment-index="1" --></span> ---- #### 取代 從3到9行都取代 /g表示同一行從頭到尾都要取代(沒有的話會只取代第一個) `:3,9s/to be replace word/replace to/g` 更多建議參考:https://vim.fandom.com/wiki/Search_and_replace ---- ## gcc([**G**nu](https://www.gnu.org/) **C**ompiler **C**ollection) Gnu=Gnu is Not Unix Gnu=Gnu is Not Unix Gnu=Gnu is Not Unix ...依此類推 所以那個G是什麼意思?就是Gnu阿~XD 還有wine,PNG是什麼意思呢?去查吧~! ---- ### 編譯 `$ gcc -o 執行檔名 原始碼檔名` `$ gcc 原始碼檔名 -o 執行檔名` ---- ### 標準 `$ gcc -o 執行檔名 原始碼檔名 -std=c99` `$ gcc -o 執行檔名 原始碼檔名 -std=gnu99` 老師的伺服器用的是C89的標準,`for(int i=0;i<10;++i)`是不合法的!請把宣告放在外面或是用上面指令換成C99的環境 gnu99=c99+gcc自己的擴展 ---- #### 練習5 <span> 1.編譯成檔名test <!-- .element: class="fragment" data-fragment-index="1" --></span> <span> 2.執行或Debug <!-- .element: class="fragment" data-fragment-index="2" --></span> --- ## 今日重點 ---- ### 今日重點(bash shell) - ssh - exit - ls - mkdir - cd ---- ### 今日重點(vim) - `esc`回到標準模式 - `i` 標準模式->輸入模式 - `:` 標準模式->底線命令模式 底線命令模式下 `w`存檔 `q`離開 ---- ### 今日重點(gcc) `$ gcc -o 執行檔名 原始碼檔名` `$ gcc 原始碼檔名 -o 執行檔名` --- # 如何上網查資料? * 只下關鍵字 * 英文 > 中文 * 看到 stackoverflow 就進去看一下 ---- 實際案例: 在用 vim 的時候不知道按到什麼之後,按鍵盤都沒反應了,怎麼辦? ---- ## 只下關鍵字 想想這個問題的重點在哪裡 |bad|good| |-|-| |![](https://i.imgur.com/1GDIC46.png =400x400)|![](https://i.imgur.com/8udIgz5.png =400x400) ---- ## 英文 > 中文 英文很重要! |good|better| |-|-| |![](https://i.imgur.com/VMmHmgs.png)|![](https://i.imgur.com/Pefvu74.png)| --- # END 覺得不夠完善嗎?登入後幫忙加上幾句吧! 說個小小小技巧,選課時常常找不到想選的課?善用google從入門到精通,試試用google查: 內容 site:http://class-qry.acad.ncku.edu.tw/syllabus/online_display.php 好拉.....對於會用google的人這完全是段廢話XD。不會用的人推荐去查"善用google從入門到精通"看看:) <style> h1{ transform-origin: 0 0; transform:rotate(-3deg); text-shadow: 0 0 20px #F00; color: #B00; font-weight: bold; font-family: "Architects Daughter","DFKai-sb"; border-bottom-color: #F0B !important; } h2{ color: #FFB3E0; font-weight: bold; font-family: Microsoft JhengHei; text-shadow: 0 0 5px #99BBFF; transform-origin: 0 0; transform:rotate(2deg); } h3{ color: #EED3D3!important; font-family: Microsoft JhengHei; text-shadow: 0 0 1px #FF99BB; transform-origin: 0 0; transform:rotate(-2deg); } h4{ color: #FFB3B3; font-weight: bold; font-family: Microsoft JhengHei; text-shadow: 0 0 5px #FF99BBFF; transform-origin: 0 0; transform:rotate(-1deg); } h5,h6{ transform-origin: 0 0; transform:rotate(1deg); color: #FFB3E0; font-weight: bold; font-family: Microsoft JhengHei; text-shadow: 0 0 5px #FF99BB; } body{ color:#FFCCFF; text-shadow: 0 0 1px #FCF; background-image:url('https://i.imgur.com/UbNcr6d.jpg'); background-color: #000 !important; background-position: center; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: fixed; } th,td{ background:#333333 } nav.navbar{ color: #000000 !important; font-weight: bold; border:outset 2px rgba(255, 200, 255, 0.2); background-color: rgba(255, 200, 255,0.2) !important; box-shadow: 0 0 10px #FF00FF; } #ui-toc-affix { border: solid 2px rgba(255, 0, 255,0.3); border-radius: 10px; background-color: rgba(255, 0,255,0.2); box-shadow: 0 0 10px #FF00FF ; } .ui-toc-label{ color:#FFFFFF!important; background-color:rgba(255,0,255,0.6)!important; } .ui-toc-label:hover{ box-shadow:0 0 10px 5px rgba(255,0,255,0.5); } .nav>.active>a{ color:#FFAAFF!important; text-shadow:0 0 6px rgba(255,255,255,0.6); border-color:rgba(255,200,255,0.8)!important; box-shadow:19px 0 10px -10px rgba(255,170,255,0.4) inset; } a[smoothhashscroll=""]{ color:#EEEEEE!important; } a[smoothhashscroll=""]:hover{ color:#FFAAFF!important; text-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(255,255,255,0.5); border-color:#FFAAFF!important; } .expand-toggle,.back-to-top,.go-to-bottom{ color:#BBBBBB; } .expand-toggle:hover,.back-to-top:hover,.go-to-bottom:hover{ color:#FFAAFF!important; } .expand-toggle:focus,.back-to-top:focus,.go-to-bottom:focus{ color:#FFFFFF!important; font-weight:bold; text-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(255,255,255,1); } .btn-default{ color:#BBBBBB; border-color:rgba(200,0,200,0.1); background-color:rgba(200,0,200,0.2); } .btn-default:hover{ color:#FFFFFF; text-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(255,255,255,1); border-color:rgba(200,0,200,0.1); background-color:rgba(200,0,200,0.2); } .btn-default.active, .btn-default:active{ color:#FFFFFF!important; border-color:rgba(200,0,200,0.1)!important; background-color:rgba(200,0,200,0.5)!important; } .label-primary{ font-weight: bold; border:outset 4px rgba(255,100,255, 0.3); background-color:rgba(255,100,255,0.6); } .label-primary:hover{ text-shadow: 0 0 9px rgba(211,211,211,0.7); border-color: rgba(255,100,255, 0.3) ; background-color:rgba(255,100,255,0.8); box-shadow: 0 0 20px 3px rgba(255,100,0, 1); } .dropdown-menu{ background-color:rgba(100,0,100,0.9)!important; border: outset 5px rgba(150,0,150,0.7); } .list>li>a , .dropdown-menu>li>a{ color:#FFFFFF!important; } .list>li>a:focus, .dropdown-menu>li>a:hover{ background-color:rgba(200,200,200,0.4)!important; box-shadow: 0 0 20px 3px rgba(255,255,255, 0.5); color:#FFFFFF!important; text-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(211,211,211,0.7); } .dropdown-header{ color:#AAAAFF; font-weight:bold; } .navbar-default .navbar-nav>.open>a{ color:#FFFFFF !important; background-color:rgba(200,200,200,0.4)!important; box-shadow:0 0 7px 5px rgba(200,200,200,0.2) inset,0 0 7px 5px rgba(200,200,200,0.5); } .navbar-nav>li>a{ color:#BBBBBB!important; } .navbar-nav>li>a:hover{ color:#FFFFFF!important; text-shadow: 0 0 15px rgba(211,211,211,0.7); } .navbar-default .navbar-brand,.navbar-default .btn-link{ color:#BBBBBB!important; } .navbar-default .navbar-brand:hover,.navbar-default .btn-link:hover{ text-shadow:0 0 15px rgba(255,255,255,0.7); } .task-list-item{ color:#99CCFF; } blockquote.part{ color:#FFEEFF !important; font-weight:bold; text-shadow: 1.5px 2.5px 1px rgba(211,211,211,0.3); border-color:#9999FF!important; background-color: rgba(170,170,255,0.3); box-shadow: -5px 0 20px 10px rgba(170,170,255,0.3),-7px 0 10px -5px rgba(170,170,255,0.3),10px 0 15px -10px rgba(170,170,255,0.5) inset; } blockquote{ color:#BBBBFF !important; text-shadow: 2px 1.5px 1px rgba(190,190,211,0.3); border-color:#80AAFF!important; box-shadow: 13px 0 7px -7px rgba(128,170,255,0.5) inset; } hr{ background-color:rgba(180,0,0,0.85)!important; box-shadow:0 0 10px 3px #AA0000; } </style>

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