BILL132109
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    <style> .markdown-body img { display: block; margin: 16px auto; } .center-table table { width: max-content; max-width: 100%; margin: auto; } </style> # 再生能源概論(風力、水力) 此為網址 https://hackmd.io/@BILL132109/ryivXxTSq ## 第一組 風力如何發電 <img src=https://i.imgur.com/TaiM7eq.jpg width=80%> 風力發電機組有分成直接連接到電網的和跟太陽能混合發電的系統 一般的啟動風速為**3~4公尺/秒**,停機風速為**25公尺/秒以上**,但在關機後還是可以承受70公尺/秒的風速 <img src=https://i.imgur.com/a5LWfRS.jpg width=60%> 風力發電的原理大概是風帶動葉片轉後轉軸經過變速箱帶動發電機旋轉 :::success 因為對第一組印象不深所以寫比較少真抱歉 ::: ## 第二組 水平軸與垂直軸式發電機 <img src=https://i.imgur.com/vT7QKKx.jpg width=80%> <br> ### 發電機介紹 - **水平軸式發電機**(HAWT) + 即轉軸與地面平行的發電機,轉軸與風的方向平行 + 是目前最主要的發電機種,==發電效率較高==,但切入速度(能開始發電的最小風速)也較高,而且佔地面積及成本也較大 <img src=https://i.imgur.com/Fj4PsJe.png> - **垂直軸式發電機**(VAWT) + 即轉軸與地面垂直的發電機 + 雖然==發電效率較低==,但可以接受來自四面八方的風向,啟動速度也低 + 占地小,適合在都市裝設 + ![](https://i.imgur.com/z104Hax.png) <div class="center-table"> | | 水平軸 | 垂直軸 | | ---- |:-------------------:|:--------------------------------:| | 優點 | 發電效率高 | 不須對準風向<br/> 噪音小<br/> 地形要求不高 | | 缺點 | 噪音大<br/> 對地形風敏感 | 發電效率低 | </div> ### 功率係數 即風的動能轉換成電能的比例 + 貝茲定律 風力機的理想功率係數為**0.593** + 垂直軸發電機約0.25~0.3 水平軸發電機約為0.3~0.35 ## 第三組 風力發電機の適合地點 <img src=https://i.imgur.com/8gAjLb3.jpg width=80%> ### 陸上風電評估因素 + **風速** 朝盛行風向/評估效益 + **地形/障礙物** 避開遮擋與紊流影響效率 + **穩定性** 風向/風量/時間 + **尾流效應** 機組間遮擋與紊流 ### 台灣大尺度風場特性 + **季風** 風速大、穩定 + **海陸風** 輔助性質 + **颱風** 似乎要避開 另外,台灣有36處潛力風場 <img src=https://i.imgur.com/ovFiLwX.jpg width=80%> ## 第四組 風力發電的優缺點 <img src=https://i.imgur.com/KKvLnKJ.jpg width=80%> <br> 現在的發電方法可以粗暴地分為**集中式發電**和**分散式發電** <div class="center-table"> | 發電方式 | 集中式發電 | 分散式發電 | |:------------:|:----------:|:----------------:| | 舉例 | 火力、核能 | 風力、小型太陽能 | | 單一廠站供電 | 量大 | 量小 | | if 斷電 | 影響大 | 影響小 | </div> --- ### 風力發電的==優點== + **較無空氣汙染** 見下圖 ![](https://i.imgur.com/1dz53pb.jpg) + **可依需求卸載** 增加電網穩定性 + **死亡性意外少** 僅發生於建造or維修時 + **可靠性高** 有如日本政局一般穩定,僅需半年檢修一次 :::warning 這裡的穩定並不是說供電穩定喔 ::: ### 風力發電的==缺點== + **干擾動物生活** 如雁鴨、兀鷹、海豚、海鷗 + **噪音超大** ~~比周玉蔻跟高嘉瑜加起來還吵~~ 容易造成*風車症候群* + **易受外在因素影響** + *地域性* 風速不可>25m/s + *時間性* 風力強大時間和用電尖峰時間兜不攏 + *容量因數低* ![](https://i.imgur.com/gEk6SIh.jpg) <br> + **維修不便** ![](https://i.imgur.com/GmZ4akA.jpg) + **用地太大、費用高** 太陽能光電每百萬瓦約需5英畝 而風力發電每百萬瓦則須==30英畝== 費用如下 <img src=https://i.imgur.com/DgevMC4.jpg width=80%> <img src=https://i.imgur.com/nOqbhQP.jpg width=80%> ## 第五組 國外風力發電主要國家的發展現況 <img src=https://i.imgur.com/t1kVdRt.jpg width=80%> 目前風力發展最多的國家不意外地就是==中國==跟==美國== ### 中國 中國的風電就佔了6%,主要集中在**塞北、內蒙古** <img src=https://i.imgur.com/OzkIBin.jpg width=80%> <br> <img src=https://i.imgur.com/8Qr495Z.jpg width=80%> ### 美國 美國的風電佔比已達10%,以發電量來看在世界上僅次於中國,而主要還是以**南部的州**為發電機的架設地。 <img src=https://i.imgur.com/13gitJu.jpg width=80%> 但美國的風電產業也遇到一些和傳統發電業的==利益衝突==,有時候還會不小心打到老鷹 ### 德國 德國是世界上能源轉型做得最好的國家之一,再生能源已經佔了總發電量的一半以上,其中風力發電就佔了總發電量的**27%**。風場主要在德國北部,電力穩定度在世界也名列前茅。 德國在發展風力發電也有許多優勢,如: + 起步早(2000年綠黨執政開始推動) + 政策支持(2010年能源過渡計畫) + 輿論支持 + 技術優良(畢竟是德國) ## 第六組 台灣風力發電發展現況 ### 數據 截至2021年,台灣的風力發電量為**2242GWh/年**,約占總發電量的==0.398%== 目前台灣擁有325座風力發電機,分布如下 <img src=https://i.imgur.com/Btg4MJs.png width=80%> 主要都在西部,看得出來吧 ### 台灣發展風力發電 目前以**陸域發展**為主,主要是因為便宜。而且離岸風電早就被歐洲壟斷了,97%都在歐洲 + 優勢 台灣擁有==16處==**國際認證**的高品質風場,總共也才20處而已 :::info 雖然我不知道這數據是怎麼來的啦... ::: + 劣勢 + 地震強又頻繁 + 容易危害海洋及漁業 ## 第七組 水力如何發電 <img src=https://i.imgur.com/vnJuKMN.jpg width=80%> 水力發電的基本原理就是把水的位能轉換成電能,相信我不用贅述大家也知道而從以前古人就知道利用水力來研磨穀物等,到了現在,水力發電技術已有長足的進步 ### 水力發電的形式 + **流水式水力發電** 直接利用河流的水發電,所以發電量就容易受**河流流量影響** ![](https://i.imgur.com/khWkNGz.jpg) 可以注意圖上有個叫壓力鋼管的東西,我不知道是什麼自己查 + **蓄水式水力發電** 就是先把水用水壩攔起來等要發電的時候再用 ![](https://i.imgur.com/9ZsJjj3.jpg) + **抽蓄式水力發電** 離峰時間(晚上)先把水抽到上池,等尖峰時間再用來發電 ![](https://i.imgur.com/DfVQR8t.jpg) + **調整池式水力發電** 用水壩收集水等尖峰時再發電 ![](https://i.imgur.com/kCsfldp.jpg) :::warning 其實我不太確定蓄水式跟調整池式差在哪好像一個比較大一個比較小 況且~~蔡品昱又講得不清不楚的~~ ::: ## 第八組 水力發電的優缺點 <img src=https://i.imgur.com/NY9rxZr.jpg width=80%> ### 水力發電的優點 + 清潔無汙染 - **成本低、效率高** ![](https://i.imgur.com/7QWk9AQ.png) - 可按需求供電 + 提供灌溉用水 - 改善河流航運 + 控制洪水氾濫 理想很豐滿,現實很骨感 ### 水力發電的缺點 + 因為會淤積所以==壽命有限== - 無法更新設備 + 安全疑慮(潰堤) - 位置很難找 + 找到還要趕走當地居民 ### 經典題型 <img src=https://i.imgur.com/yJu3rQ8.png width=80%> 解答請洽專業人士 ## 第九組 台灣的水力發電 <img src=https://i.imgur.com/4MncDx6.jpg width=80%> ### 台灣主要的水力發電廠 其實就是第七組講的那些 ![](https://i.imgur.com/BBZK0oh.jpg) ![](https://i.imgur.com/H3M6FXq.jpg) ![](https://i.imgur.com/zNnmGqv.jpg) :::success 因為他們投影片很清楚我就懶得打了 ::: 另外台灣還有**潮汐**、**海流**(金門)、**波浪**發電 ### 台灣之最 + 台灣最大的水力發電廠 + 明潭電廠 + 總容量1602千瓩 + 亞洲第一,世界第四(可是維基百科上寫第十餒? ![](https://i.imgur.com/4daABw0.jpg) + 台灣水力發電量最大的河川 + 濁水溪 + ![](https://i.imgur.com/JWztKem.jpg) ## 結論 我好累喔這真不是人幹的事情 好啦認真,其實我會做這篇報告主要是想使用看看Hackmd的功能, 高二的時候從同學那邊聽說有個好用的寫報告軟體,但用了才發現這其實就是功能比較多又簡化的HTML(至少就是讓像我這樣的**電腦白癡**也看得懂) 不過說真的,對於真的有心想讓報告變得==看得懂==的人來說這確實不失為一個容易推廣又簡單上手的工具,特別是對於沒日沒夜趕報告的學生。word的排版有時實在不是很人性化,行高行距等等。 另外就是這個報告其實是我自己想整理的,並不是老師指派的作業,畢竟我們的探究課程好像真的**沒什麼東西好上**,只能用分組報告做做樣子,所以既然都聽了大家認真講解,我就認真一點加以整理,好讓大家的努力不會隨著108課綱的表面功夫而消逝殆盡。

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