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    # 2016q3 Homework1 (raytracing) contributed by <`RayPan`> ### Reviewed bt `finalallpass` * 參考共筆可以附上共筆人的名子。 * 可以將修改的inline程式碼打出來方便參考。 ## 開發環境: * Ubuntu 16.04 LTS * CPU ``` raypan@raypan-X550JD:~$ lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 4 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3 Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 2 Socket(s): 1 NUMA node(s): 1 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel CPU family: 6 Model: 60 Model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4200H CPU @ 2.80GHz Stepping: 3 CPU MHz: 2782.281 CPU max MHz: 3400.0000 CPU min MHz: 800.0000 BogoMIPS: 5587.62 Virtualization: VT-x L1d cache: 32K L1i cache: 32K L2 cache: 256K L3 cache: 3072K NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3 ``` * 安裝套件 `$ sudo apt-get update` `$ sudo apt-get install graphviz` :可以繪製各類示意圖 `$ sudo apt-get install imagemagick` : 可以利用`convert`將輸出的圖檔轉換格式 --- ## 使用gprof * #### 簡介 gprof可以用來檢視程式執行時間、執行次數等等的工具,藉由產生的文件得以檢視程式問題。 * #### 使用過程 `$ make clean` `$ make PROFILE=1` :不同於`$ make`,會在編譯時加入`-pg`參數,用途在於呼叫函式開始和結束的時候會加入統計資料,實務上稱為instrumentation。 `$ ./raytracing` :執行後會多產生一個由gprof分析後產生的profiling: gmon.out `$ gprof -b raytracing gmon.out | less` :加入`-b`可以移除統計圖表中詳細文字描述`less`可以以頁面方式瀏覽 --- ## 可能的效能改進方法 * Loop unrolling * force inline * MARCO * Open MD --- ## 改善過程 [參考共筆](https://embedded2016.hackpad.com/ep/pad/static/f5CCUGMQ4Kp) ### 未修改之前 由於使用gprof中間會執行額外程式碼 執行時間會增加 ``` Execution time of raytracing() : 5.140832 sec ``` ``` Flat profile: Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds. % cumulative self self total time seconds seconds calls s/call s/call name 22.87 0.48 0.48 69646433 0.00 0.00 dot_product 18.58 0.87 0.39 56956357 0.00 0.00 subtract_vector 9.53 1.07 0.20 31410180 0.00 0.00 multiply_vector 8.10 1.24 0.17 13861875 0.00 0.00 rayRectangularIntersection 7.62 1.40 0.16 4620625 0.00 0.00 ray_hit_object 6.67 1.54 0.14 17836094 0.00 0.00 add_vector 5.72 1.66 0.12 17821809 0.00 0.00 cross_product 5.72 1.78 0.12 13861875 0.00 0.00 raySphereIntersection 5.24 1.89 0.11 10598450 0.00 0.00 normalize 3.34 1.96 0.07 4221152 0.00 0.00 multiply_vectors 3.10 2.03 0.07 1048576 0.00 0.00 ray_color 1.43 2.06 0.03 2110576 0.00 0.00 localColor 0.95 2.08 0.02 2110576 0.00 0.00 compute_specular_diffuse 0.48 2.09 0.01 2520791 0.00 0.00 idx_stack_top 0.48 2.10 0.01 1048576 0.00 0.00 rayConstruction 0.00 2.10 0.00 3838091 0.00 0.00 length 0.00 2.10 0.00 2558386 0.00 0.00 idx_stack_empty 0.00 2.10 0.00 1241598 0.00 0.00 protect_color_overflow ``` 使用perf觀測cache-misses等情形 `$perf stat -r 10 -e cache-misses,cache-references,instructions,cycles ./raytracing ` ``` Performance counter stats for './raytracing' (10 runs): 114,364 cache-misses # 24.126 % of all cache refs ( +- 5.19% ) 474,038 cache-references ( +- 7.13% ) 33,007,085,278 instructions # 1.90 insns per cycle ( +- 0.01% ) 17,415,754,020 cycles ( +- 0.30% ) 5.155209650 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.29% ) ``` ### 1.使用loop unrolling 由於for迴圈每次都要執行終止條件的判斷 所以把for展開捨去判斷的步驟可以減少執行時間 * 優點 * 減少branch penalty * 若迴圈內的statement彼此獨立,則statement可能做平行運算 * 缺點 * 使程式膨脹,降低可讀性 以`math-toolkit.h`內的`subtract_vector`為例 將for回圈展開如下: ```c=36 void subtract_vector(const double *a, const double *b, double *out) { out[0] = a[0] - b[0]; out[1] = a[1] - b[1]; out[2] = a[2] - b[2]; } ``` 執行看看 `Execution time of raytracing() : 4.409033 sec` 首先可以發現執行時間下降了0.7秒 ``` Flat profile: Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds. % cumulative self self total time seconds seconds calls s/call s/call name 17.17 0.23 0.23 69646433 0.00 0.00 dot_product 17.17 0.46 0.23 13861875 0.00 0.00 rayRectangularIntersection 11.20 0.61 0.15 10598450 0.00 0.00 normalize 10.45 0.75 0.14 56956357 0.00 0.00 subtract_vector 7.47 0.85 0.10 4620625 0.00 0.00 ray_hit_object 6.72 0.94 0.09 17821809 0.00 0.00 cross_product 6.35 1.03 0.09 31410180 0.00 0.00 multiply_vector 3.73 1.08 0.05 13861875 0.00 0.00 raySphereIntersection 3.73 1.13 0.05 1048576 0.00 0.00 ray_color 3.36 1.17 0.05 17836094 0.00 0.00 add_vector 3.36 1.22 0.05 4221152 0.00 0.00 multiply_vectors 2.99 1.26 0.04 2520791 0.00 0.00 idx_stack_top 2.24 1.29 0.03 1241598 0.00 0.00 refraction 1.49 1.31 0.02 2110576 0.00 0.00 compute_specular_diffuse 1.49 1.33 0.02 2110576 0.00 0.00 localColor 0.75 1.34 0.01 1 0.01 1.34 raytracing 0.37 1.34 0.01 3838091 0.00 0.00 length 0.00 1.34 0.00 2558386 0.00 0.00 idx_stack_empty ``` 使用gprof後分析後 發現`subtract_vector`執行時間由原本的0.39秒下降至0.14秒 `multiply_vector`也由0.2秒降至0.09秒 ``` Performance counter stats for './raytracing' (10 runs): 85,665 cache-misses # 18.558 % of all cache refs ( +- 4.49% ) 461,603 cache-references ( +- 7.24% ) 26,164,199,466 instructions # 1.72 insns per cycle ( +- 0.00% ) 15,251,178,470 cycles ( +- 0.72% ) 4.521390109 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.69% ) ``` cache-misses也由24.126%下降至18.558% ### 2.使用force inline [An Inline Function is As Fast As a Macro](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Inline.html) 由於沒有開啟gcc優化功能,所以在每個函式後面加上 `__attribute__((always_inline))` 強制使用inline功能 * inline: 在函式前面加入關鍵字 inline , 此函式就可以 「建議」編譯器將之設定為 「行內函式」(Inline function),如果編譯器評估效能有改善而建議被採納,則該函式會自動在呼叫點展開為程式碼。 執行看看 `Execution time of raytracing() : 2.217506 sec ` 可以發現執行時間大幅下降 ``` Flat profile: Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds. % cumulative self self total time seconds seconds calls s/call s/call name 36.37 0.52 0.52 13861875 0.00 0.00 rayRectangularIntersection 23.08 0.85 0.33 13861875 0.00 0.00 raySphereIntersection 9.79 0.99 0.14 2110576 0.00 0.00 compute_specular_diffuse 9.79 1.13 0.14 1048576 0.00 0.00 ray_color 5.60 1.21 0.08 4620625 0.00 0.00 ray_hit_object 4.90 1.28 0.07 2110576 0.00 0.00 localColor 4.20 1.34 0.06 1048576 0.00 0.00 rayConstruction 2.80 1.38 0.04 1241598 0.00 0.00 reflection 2.10 1.41 0.03 1 0.03 1.43 raytracing 1.40 1.43 0.02 1241598 0.00 0.00 refraction 0.00 1.43 0.00 2558386 0.00 0.00 idx_stack_empty 0.00 1.43 0.00 2520791 0.00 0.00 idx_stack_top 0.00 1.43 0.00 1241598 0.00 0.00 protect_color_overflow 0.00 1.43 0.00 1204003 0.00 0.00 idx_stack_push 0.00 1.43 0.00 1048576 0.00 0.00 idx_stack_init 0.00 1.43 0.00 113297 0.00 0.00 fresnel 0.00 1.43 0.00 37595 0.00 0.00 idx_stack_pop 0.00 1.43 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 append_rectangular ``` 可以發現在math-toolkits.h內的函式 原本在排行榜前幾名的 做了force inline後已經掉到後面 ### 3.使用MARCO 把dot_product換成 ```c=8 #define dot_product(a,b) ((a[0]*b[0])+(a[1]*b[1])+(a[2]*b[2])) ``` 執行看看 `Execution time of raytracing() : 2.041964 sec ` 可以發現執行時間比force inline又略為下降 ``` Performance counter stats for './raytracing' (10 runs): 259,586 cache-misses # 31.459 % of all cache refs ( +- 8.95% ) 825,149 cache-references ( +- 9.63% ) 12,050,482,702 instructions # 1.74 insns per cycle ( +- 0.00% ) 6,934,713,035 cycles ( +- 0.30% ) 2.070231925 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.35% ) ``` --- ### 4.OpenMD 首先以下是我的cpu資訊 每個核心執行緒數為2 ``` Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 4 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3 Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 2 Socket(s): 1 ``` * #### 使用方法 * 在`MAKEFILE`的`CFLAGS`前加入`-fopenmp`以及`LDFLAGS`前加入`-lgomp` * 在`raytracing.c`內`#include <omp.h>`並加入(thread數目設為2) ```c=473 #pragma omp parallel for num_threads(1024), private(d, object_color, stk) ``` 執行看看 `thread = 2 Execution time of raytracing() : 2.293012 sec ` 可以發現到thread數愈多執行時間愈短 `thread = 4 Execution time of raytracing() : 1.537311 sec ` `thread = 8 Execution time of raytracing() : 1.348184 sec ` `thread = 16 Execution time of raytracing() : 1.322113 sec ` `thread = 32 Execution time of raytracing() : 1.277774 sec ` `thread = 64 Execution time of raytracing() : 1.118317 sec ` `thread = 128 Execution time of raytracing() : 1.095946 sec ` `thread = 256 Execution time of raytracing() : 1.104022 sec ` `thread = 512 Execution time of raytracing() : 1.073616 sec ` 愈來愈接近電腦優化目標。 然而最多只能執行到2^13^ = 8192個 --- 加工中 --- ## 筆記 * 簡單區分: define(定義):寫出程式碼/declare(宣告):沒有寫出程式碼 * static: define的程式碼僅在該檔案有效。 * inline: 提示編譯器做最佳化時,將function call轉為程式碼,可減少呼叫程式成本。 --- 作業詳細資訊:[A02: raytracing](https://hackmd.io/s/r1vckLB6) ###### tags:`RayPan` `A02:Raytracing`

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