# **2017q1 Homework1 (raytracing)** contributed by < `refleex` > >要趕快追進度囉 >[name=課程助教][color=red] ## **開發環境** 作業系統 : ubuntu 16.04 LTS (64-bit) Architecture: x86_64 CPU 作業模式: 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 4 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3 每核心執行緒數:2 每通訊端核心數:2 Socket(s): 1 NUMA 節點: 1 供應商識別號: GenuineIntel CPU 家族: 6 型號: 60 Model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4210M CPU @ 2.60GHz 製程: 3 CPU MHz: 1694.671 CPU max MHz: 3200.0000 CPU min MHz: 800.0000 BogoMIPS: 5187.92 虛擬: VT-x L1d 快取: 32K L1i 快取: 32K L2 快取: 256K L3 快取: 3072K NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3 --- ### **前置作業** >> 可善用 POSIX Thread, OpenMP, software pipelining, 以及 loop unrolling 一類的技巧來加速程式運作 >> 先去了解何謂平行化,並學習一些基本平行化的方式,例如 openMP,還有 pthread 的語法,並熟悉使用 ### **未優化版本** 先執行最初版本```$ make``` ```$ ./raytracing``` ``` # Rendering scene Done! Execution time of raytracing() : 2.666284 sec ``` 接著為了能讓 gprof 偵測效能 ```$ make clean``` ```$ make PROFILE=1``` ```$ ./raytracing``` ``` # Rendering scene Done! Execution time of raytracing() : 5.567427 sec ``` 用 gprof 來檢測效能 ```$ gprof -b raytracing gmon.out | less``` ``` Flat profile: Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds. % cumulative self self total time seconds seconds calls s/call s/call name 26.46 0.55 0.55 56956357 0.00 0.00 subtract_vector 19.24 0.95 0.40 69646433 0.00 0.00 dot_product 9.86 1.16 0.21 13861875 0.00 0.00 rayRectangularIntersection 8.90 1.34 0.19 31410180 0.00 0.00 multiply_vector 6.73 1.48 0.14 17836094 0.00 0.00 add_vector 6.49 1.62 0.14 13861875 0.00 0.00 raySphereIntersection 4.81 1.72 0.10 10598450 0.00 0.00 normalize 4.33 1.81 0.09 4620625 0.00 0.00 ray_hit_object 3.37 1.88 0.07 17821809 0.00 0.00 cross_product 2.41 1.93 0.05 2110576 0.00 0.00 compute_specular_diffuse 1.92 1.97 0.04 1 0.04 2.08 raytracing 1.44 2.00 0.03 1048576 0.00 0.00 ray_color 0.96 2.02 0.02 2110576 0.00 0.00 localColor 0.96 2.04 0.02 1048576 0.00 0.00 rayConstruction 0.72 2.05 0.02 4221152 0.00 0.00 multiply_vectors 0.48 2.06 0.01 3838091 0.00 0.00 length 0.48 2.07 0.01 1204003 0.00 0.00 idx_stack_push 0.48 2.08 0.01 113297 0.00 0.00 fresnel ``` 可以發現 subtract_vector()和 dot_product 被呼叫最多次 分別花費了 0.55 秒 和 0.4 秒 --- ### **Force inline** [關於 inline](https://dotblogs.com.tw/v6610688/2013/11/27/introduction_inline_function) 了解 inline 是作為"建議"編譯器將 inline 函式直接插入執行檔編譯,避免過多的函數呼叫,但編譯器不一定會採納 因此用 ```__attribute__((always_inline))``` 來強制將函式 inline 執行結果 ``` # Rendering scene Done! Execution time of raytracing() : 2.478609 sec ``` --- ### **OpenMP** 先使用 openMP 要使用openmp前 須在編譯時加入 -fopenmp 這個 library 因此要更改 Makefile ```clike= CFLAGS = \ -std=gnu99 -Wall -O0 -g -fopenmp LDFLAGS = \ -lm -fopenmp ``` 在 subtract_vector()中加上 ```#pragma omp parallel for``` ```clike= void subtract_vector(const double *a, const double *b, double *out) { #pragma omp parallel for for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) out[i] = a[i] - b[i]; } ``` 再讓程式跑一次```$ ./raytracing``` ``` # Rendering scene Done! Execution time of raytracing() : 5.449012 sec ``` 好像沒快多少,檢查 gprof ``` Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds. % cumulative self self total time seconds seconds calls s/call s/call name 22.99 0.54 0.54 69646433 0.00 0.00 dot_product 16.61 0.93 0.39 56956357 0.00 0.00 subtract_vector 13.20 1.24 0.31 17836094 0.00 0.00 add_vector 9.79 1.47 0.23 31410180 0.00 0.00 multiply_vector 9.58 1.70 0.23 13861875 0.00 0.00 rayRectangularIntersection 6.39 1.85 0.15 10598450 0.00 0.00 normalize 4.26 1.95 0.10 17821809 0.00 0.00 cross_product 3.83 2.04 0.09 4620625 0.00 0.00 ray_hit_object 3.19 2.11 0.08 13861875 0.00 0.00 raySphereIntersection 2.55 2.17 0.06 4221152 0.00 0.00 multiply_vectors 2.55 2.23 0.06 1048576 0.00 0.00 ray_color 1.70 2.27 0.04 1 0.04 2.35 raytracing 1.28 2.30 0.03 2110576 0.00 0.00 localColor 0.43 2.31 0.01 2520791 0.00 0.00 idx_stack_top 0.43 2.32 0.01 2110576 0.00 0.00 compute_specular_diffuse 0.43 2.33 0.01 1241598 0.00 0.00 reflection 0.43 2.34 0.01 1048576 0.00 0.00 idx_stack_init 0.43 2.35 0.01 37595 0.00 0.00 idx_stack_pop ``` subtract_vector()花費時間明顯降低,降至 0.39 秒 可是 dot_product() 時間卻增加了 若不使用 gprof ,原始執行時間 ``` # Rendering scene Done! Execution time of raytracing() : 2.723372 sec ``` 將 raytracing.c 中的 raytracing 函式的 for 迴圈平行化 ``` # Rendering scene Done! Execution time of raytracing() : 1.393815 sec ``` 明顯加速許多 可是看一下圖卻是錯的 ![](https://i.imgur.com/mo7trwo.png) 更改了一下 openmp 的寫法,將一些參數 private 起來避 ``` #pragma omp parallel for private(object_color,stk,d) ``` 再跑一次圖就正確了 ``` # Rendering scene Done! Execution time of raytracing() : 1.305993 sec ``` ## **參考資料** - [簡易的程式平行化方法-OpenMP(一)簡介](https://kheresy.wordpress.com/2006/06/09/%E7%B0%A1%E6%98%93%E7%9A%84%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%8C%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8Dopenmp%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8B/) - [簡易的程式平行化-OpenMP(二)語法說明](https://kheresy.wordpress.com/2006/09/13/%E7%B0%A1%E6%98%93%E7%9A%84%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%8C%E5%8C%96%EF%BC%8Dopenmp%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E/) - [簡易的程式平行化-OpenMP(三)範例 parallel、section](https://kheresy.wordpress.com/2006/09/15/%E7%B0%A1%E6%98%93%E7%9A%84%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%8C%E5%8C%96%EF%BC%8Dopenmp%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E7%AF%84%E4%BE%8B-parallel%E3%80%81section/) - [Linux C thread-01.最簡單的thread範例](http://jashliao.pixnet.net/blog/post/191801241-linux-c-thread-01.%E6%9C%80%E7%B0%A1%E5%96%AE%E7%9A%84thread%E7%AF%84%E4%BE%8B%EF%BC%8C%E9%87%8D%E9%BB%9E%E5%9C%A8%E6%96%BC%E5%A6%82) - [Pthread 程式撰寫](http://blog.xuite.net/nikoung/wretch/154071878-Pthread+%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E6%92%B0%E5%AF%AB)
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