# 2017q3 Homework1 (clz)
contributed by < `vasv75182366` >

## **De Bruijn sequence**
De Bruijn sequence B(k, n) 是一種 sequence，由 k 種不同符號組成，且其所有長度為 n 之連續子序列恰為 k 種符號組成長度為 n 的所有排列。 例如：00010111 即為一 B(2, 3) 序列，因其連續子序列（尾端循環至開頭） 000, 001, 010, 101, 011, 111, 110, 100 恰為所有由 {0, 1} 組成且長度 3 的序列。

若由 k 種符號組成之所有長度為 n 之序列表為有向圖中的頂點，則圖中有 k^n 個頂點， 若頂點 m 去掉第一個符號並在尾端添加一符號可得頂點 n，則有一有向邊由 m 指向 n，此即 De Bruijn graph。 例如：k = 2, n = 3 的圖中，頂點 010 有兩條對外的邊，分別指向 101 及 100。

$$k = 2, n = 3$$

參考
* [De Bruijn sequence](https://zhouer.org/DeBruijn/)
---

## Trace code

fork 出來的[程式碼](https://github.com/vasv75182366/clz-tests)

#### Binary 版本

#include "clz.h"

static inline __attribute((always_inline))
unsigned clz(uint32_t x)
{
    if (x == 0) return 32;
    int n = 0;
    if (x <= 0x0000FFFF) {
        n += 16;
        x <<= 16;
    }
    if (x <= 0x00FFFFFF) {
        n += 8;
        x <<= 8;
    }
    if (x <= 0x0FFFFFFF) {
        n += 4;
        x <<= 4;
    }
    if (x <= 0x3FFFFFFF) {
        n += 2;
        x <<= 2;
    }
    if (x <= 0x7FFFFFFF) {
        n += 1;
        x <<= 1;
    }
    return n;
}

#### Byte 版本

#include "clz.h"

static inline __attribute((always_inline))
unsigned clz(uint32_t x)
{
    if (x == 0) return 32;
    int n = 1;
    if ((x >> 16) == 0) {
        n += 16;
        x <<= 16;
    }
    if ((x >> 24) == 0) {
        n += 8;
        x <<= 8;
    }
    if ((x >> 28) == 0) {
        n += 4;
        x <<= 4;
    }
    if ((x >> 30) == 0) {
        n += 2;
        x <<= 2;
    }
    n = n - (x >> 31);
    return n;
}

#### Harley 版本

#include "clz.h"

static inline __attribute((always_inline))
unsigned clz(uint32_t x)
{
#ifdef CTZ
    static uint8_t const Table[] = {
        0xFF, 0, 0xFF, 15, 0xFF, 1, 28, 0xFF,
        16, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 2, 21, 29, 0xFF,
        0xFF, 0xFF, 19, 17, 10, 0xFF, 12, 0xFF,
        0xFF, 3, 0xFF, 6, 0xFF, 22, 30, 0xFF,
        14, 0xFF, 27, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 20, 0xFF,
        18, 9, 11, 0xFF, 5, 0xFF, 0xFF, 13,
        26, 0xFF, 0xFF, 8, 0xFF, 4, 0xFF, 25,
        0xFF, 7, 24, 0xFF, 23, 0xFF, 31, 0xFF,
    };

#else
    static uint8_t const Table[] = {
        32,31, 0,16, 0,30, 3, 0,15, 0, 0, 0,29,10, 2, 0,
        0, 0,12,14,21, 0,19, 0, 0,28, 0,25, 0, 9, 1, 0,
        17, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0,11, 0,13,22,20, 0,26, 0, 0,18,
        5, 0, 0,23, 0,27, 0, 6,0,24, 7, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0
    };
#endif

    /* Propagate leftmost 1-bit to the right */
    x = x | (x >> 1);
    x = x | (x >> 2);
    x = x | (x >> 4);
    x = x | (x >> 8);
    x = x | (x >> 16);

    /* x = x * 0x6EB14F9 */
    x = (x << 3) - x;   /* Multiply by 7. */
    x = (x << 8) - x;   /* Multiply by 255. */
    x = (x << 8) - x;   /* Again. */
    x = (x << 8) - x;   /* Again. */

    return Table[(x >> 26)];
}

#### Iteration 版本

#include "clz.h"

static inline __attribute((always_inline))
unsigned clz(uint32_t x)
{
    int n = 32, c = 16;
    do {
        uint32_t y = x >> c;
        if (y) {
            n -= c;
            x = y;
        }
        c >>= 1;
    } while (c);
    return (n - x);
}

#### Recursive 版本

#include "clz2.h"

static const int mask[] =  { 0, 8, 12,14 };
static const int magic[] = { 2, 1,  0, 0 };

unsigned clz2(uint32_t x,int c)
{
    if (!x && !c) return 32;

    uint32_t upper = (x >> (16 >> c));
    uint32_t lower = (x & (0xFFFF >> mask[c]));
    if (c == 3) return upper ? magic[upper] : 2 + magic[lower];
    return upper ? clz2(upper, c + 1) : (16 >> (c)) + clz2(lower, c + 1);
}

第一次執行參考輸出

$ make
$ make run
$ make plot