JJJJJJ
    • Create new note
    • Create a note from template
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
    • Invite by email
      Invitee

      This note has no invitees

    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Note Insights
    • Engagement control
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Save as template
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Versions and GitHub Sync Note Insights Sharing URL Create Help
Create Create new note Create a note from template
Menu
Options
Engagement control Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
  • Invite by email
    Invitee

    This note has no invitees

  • Publish Note

    Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

    Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
    Your note is now live.
    This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
    See published notes
    Unpublish note
    Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
    View profile
    Engagement control
    Commenting
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Suggest edit
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    Emoji Reply
    Enable
    Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
       owned this note    owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    Subscribed
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    Subscribe
    # Function ## 1 What is the output of the following program? ```c #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("%p", main); getchar(); return 0; } ``` :::spoiler Answer Output: Address of function main. Explanation: Name of the function is actually a pointer variable to the function and prints the address of the function. 觀念:Function Designator What is Function Designator? - [Why do function pointer definitions work with any number of ampersands '&' or asterisks](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6893285/why-do-function-pointer-definitions-work-with-any-number-of-ampersands-or-as) - [你所不知道的C語言 - Function Pointer](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/c-pointer#Function-Pointer) 首先看看規格書所說 : - C99 [6.3.2.1] > A function designator is an expression that has function type. Except when it is the operand of the sizeof operator or the unary & operator, a **function designator** with type “function returning type” **is converted to** an expression that has type “pointer to function returning type”. - C99 [6.5.3.2] > The unary * operator denotes indirection. **If the operand points to a function, the result is a function designator** - C99 [6.5.3.4] > **The sizeof operator shall not be applied to an expression that has function type** or an > incomplete type, to the parenthesized name of such a type, or to an expression that > designates a bit-field member. 根據上述三個規則,我們可以推論出以下幾點規則: 1. 因為 function pointer 和 function designator 都是儲存某個 function 的記憶體位址 ( points to a function ),所以根據[6.5.3.2]我們可以知道 : - `*fptr`,dereference of function pointer,結果會是 function designator - `*funcName`,dereference of function designator,結果會是 function designator 2. 根據[6.3.2.1],在對 function designator 做任何操作以前,都會先「自動」轉換成 function pointer,除非是遇到 **sizeof** 或 **&** : - 遇到 & : function designator 會「明確」轉換成 function pointer ( 根據[6.5.3.2],`*fptr == funcName`,換句話說,`&funcName == fptr` (function pointer) ) - 遇到 sizeof : 根據[6.5.3.4],`sizeof(funcName)`的操作是不被允許的。 所以可以說,除非遇到 sizeof (非法操作),function designator 都會轉換成 function pointer ::: ## 2 Could the password potentially being cracked ? (Hint: You can enter any passwd you want) ```clike #include<stdio.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int flag = 0; char passwd[10]; memset(passwd,0,sizeof(passwd)); strcpy(passwd, argv[1]); if(0 == strcmp("LinuxGeek", passwd)) { flag = 1; } if(flag) { printf("Password cracked \n"); } else { printf("Incorrect passwd \n"); } return 0; } ``` :::spoiler Answer 可參閱 [stack-based buffer overflow](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/c-function#stack-based-buffer-overflow)。 Yes!這段驗證密碼的程式可以透過 strcpy() 函數的漏洞來破解,由於這個函數把使用者輸入的密碼複製到 `passwd` 這個變數中,但是卻沒有檢查使用者所提供的密碼長度是否可以被 `passwd` 這個變數所容納,所以當使用者提供一個長度超過緩衝區的大小的任意字串時,就會造成緩衝區溢位,並將 `flag` 這個變數所在的記憶體位址覆寫(overwrite),將原本的 `0` 改為其他的值,接著在下面的 `if` 判斷式中就會判斷出 `flag` 是一個非零的值(也就是會得到 `true`),這樣這段檢查密碼的機制就被破解了。 我們將這段程式碼編譯成 `chkpwd`,則這樣就可以破解它了: ./chkpwd aaaaaaaaaaaaa 輸出為 Password cracked 所以只要輸入的字串夠長,無論密碼是否正確,都可以通過密碼的檢查。如果要避免這樣的問題,可以改用 `strncpy()` 函數。 註:由於現在的編譯器比較聰明,會自動偵測 stack smashing 的可能性,讓這種問題發生的機率降低,所以如果想要自己測試這段程式碼,可能要把編譯器的這個功能關閉才可以進行測試,例如使用 gcc 編譯器就要加上 `-fno-stack-protector` 參數,這樣才能重現這個狀況: ::: ## 3 Explain functionality of following function. ```clike int func(int i) { if(i%2) return (i++); else return func(func(i-1)); } ``` :::spoiler Answer 當 fun(x) 的 x 為奇數,則會得到 return value 為 x,當 x 為偶數,則會得到 return value 為 x - 1。 因為 `return i++` return 的值為 `i`,不為 `i++`。 :::

    Import from clipboard

    Paste your markdown or webpage here...

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lose their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template has been removed or transferred.
    Upgrade
    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template.

    Create a template

    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?
    Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password

    or

    By clicking below, you agree to our terms of service.

    Sign in via Facebook Sign in via Twitter Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
    Wallet ( )
    Connect another wallet

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Help & Tutorial

    How to use Book mode

    Slide Example

    API Docs

    Edit in VSCode

    Install browser extension

    Contacts

    Feedback

    Discord

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions and GitHub Sync
    Get Full History Access

    • Edit version name
    • Delete

    revision author avatar     named on  

    More Less

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found
    Sign in to link this note to GitHub
    Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub
     

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
        • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
        • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
        Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Include title and tags
        Available push count

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully