蔡秀吉
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    ## Selective serotonin receptor inhibitors (SSRI) * **Citalopram (Celexa)**:是 50%右旋+50%左旋的 citalopram,混和再一起的**消旋體** * **Escitalopram (Lexapro)**:**為左旋的 citalopram 異構物(S-citalopram)**。由於只有左旋 citalopram 具抗憂鬱效用,所以 **Lexapro 的效果會比單純 citalopram 好一點**。 > 藥理學研究顯示 R-citalopram 異構物並非毫無活性,而是抵銷S-citalopram 異構物提高血清素的功效,即其隨之產生的藥理特性。 [參考資料:光田綜合醫院-離憂膜衣錠](https://www.ktgh.com.tw/Medicament_tbDrug_Look.asp?CatID=124&ModuleType=Y&NewsID=1900&Ordid=23077)[color=#F4B400] ### 常見SSRI * fluoxetine (Prozac) 百憂解 * Fluvoxamine (Luvox) * Paroxetine * Sertraline (Zoloft) > 補充:Sertraline 會使尿檢BZD(+),所以初篩試劑不準,一定要後送 Lab 確認。[color=#F4B400] ## Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) 選擇性血清素和腎上腺素再回收抑制劑 * Duloxetine (千憂解) * Venlafaxine (速悅) * Milnacipran:也屬於 SNRI,但這似乎已經退出台灣市場。 ## Serotonin–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SDRI) * bupropion (威博雋):在戒菸門診中,作為一種輔助戒菸的藥物。 ## Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) 單胺氧化酶抑制劑 **屬於比較舊的藥物**。由於作用在比較多的 receptor 上面,所以**副作用比較多**,除了治療 depression 之外,還有其他用處。 ### 目前仍有使用的MAOI * Moclobemide (Manerix) * Selegiline (deprenyl):還有用在偏頭痛的控制。精神科用 MAOI 來治療憂鬱是非常非常的少。 ## Mirtazapine (莫憂平) 有 SNRI+MAOI 的效果 ## Trazodone (美舒鬱) * Weak SSRI + 比較強的(Potent) 5HT antagonist * 需要比較高的劑量才能達到 antidepressants 的效果,所以一般來說 Trazodone 會建議吃到3顆,但因為它**降血壓功能比較強**,而且有 sedation 的效果,所以不會一次就給三顆,會慢慢加上去。 * 正因為它有鎮靜(sedation) 的效果,所以**在臨床上作為失眠輔助用藥**。 ## Tricyclic and Tetracyclics (TCAs) 三環抗憂鬱劑 這類藥物已經**比較少使用**了。基本上**不會作為治療 depression 的單線藥物**,因為 TCA 類藥物的 safety window 比較小,過量容易造成患者心臟驟停(cardiac arrest) 和 QTc prolong。正因如此,過去臨床使用本藥時,會替患者做**藥物血中濃度監測(TDM)**,來避免藥物過量的情形。 現在 TCAs 比較多是用在**降低焦慮**,或是使用低劑量作為患者**在晚上**的**輔助睡眠用藥**。 原因是**TCA 有鎮靜(sedation) 的效果**,而且也有**抗膽鹼(anticholinergic) 的效果**,對於**患者夜尿**(小朋友尿床、老男人攝護腺肥大頻尿)會有一些幫助。 ### 目前仍會使用的TCA類藥物 * Imipramine (Tofranil):對於小孩尿床,具有不錯的控制效果 * Amitriptyline (Elavil、德利能) * Doxepin (Sinequan) * Clomipramine (Anafranil):常見治療小朋友強迫症。 ## Thyroid hormones (Thyroxine) 甲狀腺激素 精神科偶爾也會使用,用於**輔助憂鬱症的治療**,對於**難治型的憂鬱症(Treatment Refractory Depression)**,加上一點點(低劑量)的 Thyroxine **效果真的不錯**。 ## NMDA receptor antagonist 是比較新的藥物。這類藥物比較特別的地方在於,前面所有提到的 Antidepressant,都會需要至少2個禮拜至4個禮拜,讓藥物開始發揮作用。這種藥物如果真的對患者有效的話,那將會**快速緩解患者的憂鬱症狀** (rapid relief from depression);大約**在8小時之內就會產生抗憂鬱**的效果 > 但也不是對所有病人都有效,所以它也不是萬靈丹。[color=#F4B400] * **Ketamine (K他命)**:一般的Ketamine是有 S form 和 R form 的混合,但沒有經過純化。 * **Esketamine**: 是 Ketamine 的(鏡像異構物) 光學異構物,就是**純化的左旋 ketamine(S-ketamine)**。Esketamine 進一步純化的目的,在於**有利藥廠申請新的藥物專利保障**,以及可經由**鼻黏膜吸收**的給藥途徑設計。 ### 補充資料 https://jtp.taiwan-pharma.org.tw/146/010.html > Lecture: Psychopharmacology > [name=授課教師:國立陽明大學 醫學系精神學科 藍祚鴻醫師] [color=#F4B400]

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