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    ###### tags: `核生成` # 古典的核生成理論を熱力学から考えてみよう ## 臨界半径 $\alpha$相中に半径rの球状の$\beta$相の核が生成するとしたとき、 $\beta$相生成による系のギブス自由エネルギー変化$\Delta G$を考える。 $\beta$相へ相転移したことによる単位体積あたりの自由エネルギー変化の絶対値を$\Delta g_v$、また、$\alpha$-$\beta$相間の界面エネルギーを$\sigma$とすると、$\Delta G$は$(1)$のように書ける。 \begin{eqnarray} \Delta G = -\frac{4}{3}\pi r^3 \Delta g_v+ 4\pi r^2 \sigma \tag{1} \end{eqnarray}$\Delta G$は$T,P,r$の関数であるから、等温等圧下で \begin{eqnarray} \left(\frac{\partial\Delta G}{\partial r}\right)_ {T,P}=-4\pi r^2\Delta g_v+8\pi r\sigma\tag{2} \end{eqnarray}$(2)$の右辺が$0$となるとき、 \begin{eqnarray} r^* =\frac{2\sigma}{\Delta g_v} \tag{3} \end{eqnarray}球状の$\beta$相の半径$r$が$(3)$で定義される臨界半径$r^*$となるとき系のギブス自由エネルギー変化 は最大値$\Delta G^*$をとる。 ## 平衡核半径 不均一平衡を考える場合、系全体の自由エネルギー変化を考えるより、異相間の化学ポテンシャルのつり合いを考えることが一般的である。 $\alpha$相の温度と圧力をそれぞれ$T,P$とする。 $\beta$相が平衡して共存している時、その温度は$\alpha$相と同じ$T$であるが、圧力は異なる。よって、 \begin{eqnarray} \mu^\alpha(T,P)=\mu^\beta(T,P'). \tag{4} \end{eqnarray}ここで \begin{eqnarray} P'=P+\frac{2\sigma}{r_{eq}} \tag{5} \end{eqnarray}である。 >係数として2が掛かる理由を理解していない。[name=屋嶋悠河] >\begin{eqnarray} >P' = P + \Delta g_v ~~ (where ~ \Delta g_v = \frac{2\sigma}{r_{eq}}) >\end{eqnarray} >であることが納得すればわかると思う.[name=鴨下うんこ] >$(5)$と置いたから$\Delta g_v$がそう求まっているだけじゃなくて?[name=屋嶋悠河] >$r_{eq}$の定義式(3)を用いた.[name=鴨下うんこ] >それは$r^*$の定義だよ。[name=屋嶋悠河] >確かに.[name=あはは]. >つりあい式使えないかな? >\begin{eqnarray} >P4\pi r_{eq}^2 = P'4\pi r_{eq}^2+4\pi r_{eq}^2\frac{2\sigma}{r_{eq}} >\end{eqnarray} >を示したい. >\begin{eqnarray} >\sigma\equiv \left(\frac{\partial G}{\partial A}\right)_ {T,P,eq} ~ (where ~ A \mathrm{~ is ~ surface ~ area}) >\end{eqnarray}[name=鴨下うんこ] >どうやら,[Young–Laplace equation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young–Laplace_equation)を解くらしい.[name=鴨下うんこ] 体積を$V$とした時、 \begin{eqnarray} \left(\frac{\partial G}{\partial P}\right)_ {T}=V \tag{6} \end{eqnarray}であるから、モル体積を$v_{m}$とすると、 \begin{eqnarray} \left(\frac{\partial \mu}{\partial P}\right)_ {T}=v_m \tag{7} \end{eqnarray}ここで、温度$T$、圧力$P$における$\alpha,\beta$相間の化学ポテンシャル差を$\Delta\mu_t$とする。$(4)$は$(8)$のように変形できる。 &&\begin{eqnarray} \mu^\beta(T,P')-\mu^\alpha(T,P)=&&\mu^\beta(T,P)-\mu^\alpha(T,P)+\left[\mu^\beta(T,P')-\mu^\beta(T,P)\right]\\ =&&\Delta\mu_t+\left[\mu^\beta(T,P')-\mu^\beta(T,P)\right]\\=&&0\tag{8} \end{eqnarray}ここで \begin{eqnarray} \left[\mu^\beta(T,P')-\mu^\beta(T,P)\right]=&&\int^{P'}_P\frac{\partial\mu^\beta}{\partial P} dP\\=&&\int^{P+\frac{2\sigma}{r_{eq}}}_ Pv^\beta_mdP\tag{9} \end{eqnarray}$\beta$相のモル体積$v^\beta_m$が$P$に依存しないとするならば、$(8),(9)$より次のようになる。 \begin{eqnarray} \Delta\mu_t+\frac{2\sigma v^\beta_m}{r_{eq}}=0 \tag{10} \end{eqnarray}等温等圧下で曲率$0$の$\beta$相が曲率$0$の$\alpha$相から生じる時の単位体積あたりのギブス自由エネルギー変化の絶対値(変化はマイナスとなる)を$\Delta g_v$とすると、 \begin{eqnarray} \Delta\mu_t=-\Delta g_v v^\beta_m \tag{11} \end{eqnarray}とかけるので、$(10)$に代入すると、 \begin{eqnarray} r_{eq}=\frac{2\sigma}{\Delta g_v} \tag{12} \end{eqnarray}となる。 ## 臨界半径=平衡核半径? $(3)$と$(12)$を見比べると$r^*=r_{eq}$であることが導かれる。 ## 参考文献 https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/materia1994/36/12/36_12_1127/_pdf

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