DS21S08 - HackMD

--- title: DS21S08 tags: class slideOptions: theme: white transition: slide --- ## Data Studies 2021 // S08. Networks and platform-specific data  <img src="https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJSzy8uuw.png" width=65%> Pablo Velasco // Information Studies // [pablov.me](https://pablov.me) --- ## Plan for the day: * Graph theory & Sociometrics * ANT epistemology & networks * *Digital Methods* and Digital Methods Initiative * Digital Objects: hyperlink & hashtag * TCAT server ---  The seven bridges of Königsberg problem: is it possible to cross each bridge once and return to the starting point? ----  ### Graph theory Leonhardt Euler solved the problem, and inaugurated the field of graph theory: all points must have an even degree (an even number of connections).  ---- Baran (1964) * Structures based on Nodes and Edges * Statistical/Quantitative relations: clusters, centrality, density * Centralized, Decentralized and Distributed <img src="https://gitlab.com/xpablov/data-studies/-/raw/master/DS19/S07/baran.png" width="100%"> ----  ----  ### Sociometrics * Moreno (1934) * Discover social life through network properties & topologies * Analysis of relational data * Gain insight into social relations and make them available to intervention (Guggenheim 2012) -> participants become observers of their own problems ---- <img src="https://gitlab.com/xpablov/data-studies/-/raw/master/DS19/S07/moreno-rooms-girls.png" width="45%"> <img src="https://gitlab.com/xpablov/data-studies/-/raw/master/DS19/S07/moreno-topological-girls.png" width="40%"> Likes and dislikes in a girl's boarding school Gießmann, S. (2017). Jacob Levy Moreno, Sociometry, and the Rise of Network Diagrammatics  ---- ### ACTIVITY: trace a network of the class * What are the nodes? * What are the edges? * What is the *starting point*? * How do you measure the weight of the edges? Go to: https://kinopio.club/ds21s08-XQXwaV8m0qglvM_h3BElR (you need to sign up, but not obligatory!) --- ### Actor Network Theory(ANT) Actor Network Theory emphasizes a "flat" approach to the social, and argues that it can be study as a network consisting of any kind of elements. <img src="http://pablov.me/pres/media/latour-reass.jpg" width="30%"> Latour, B. (2007). Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory ---- ### ANT * **Relations** between “technology” and “society” * **1-level**: neither nature and society, nor micro and macro * **Actors**: computers, text, humans, etc (and mostly the places they "collide") * Properties emerge from networks <img src="https://i.imgur.com/DibiU8i.png" width="90%"> Latour, B., Jensen, P., Venturini, T., Grauwin, S., & Boullier, D. (2012). ‘The whole is always smaller than its parts’–a digital test of Gabriel Tardes’ monads. ---- * No point of departure (but an epistemological point of entry) <img src="https://i.imgur.com/TULeDRo.png" width="80%"> <img src="https://i.imgur.com/63gd1KS.png" width="80%"> <img src="https://i.imgur.com/yr1lP78.png" width="80%"> More subtle than the notion of system, more historical than the notion of structure, more empirical than the notion of a complexity, the idea of network is the Ariadne's thread of these interwoven stories (Latour 1993) ---- #### Actors in a social network: * By their engagement roles: * sources * leaders * commenters * lurkers * etc. * By their human / non-human categorization: * bots * hashtags * servers * etc. * By their structural role: * bridges * hubs * stars * etc. --- *How to do empirical research from this epistemological approach?* # Digital methods ---- ## *Digital Methods* (big umbrella) * Digital methods: “the use of online and digital technologies to collect and analyse research data" Snee et al (2016). Digital methods for social science * Snee et al include: * web-based surveys Dillman, D. A. (2011). Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method * online interviewing and focus groups Kazmer, M. M., & Xie, B. (2008). Qualitative Interviewing in Internet Studies: Playing with the media, playing with the method * computer mediated discourse-analysis Herring, S. C. (2004). Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis * digital ethnographies e.g. virtual ethnography Hine, C. (2000). Virtual Ethnography ---- ## Redistribution of methods Marres, N. (2012). The redistribution of methods: On intervention in digital social research, broadly conceived * redistribution of research: not so much an opposition between IT firms and researchers (e.g. Savage and Burrows 2007), but a reconfiguration of agents in social research * **4 views on the redistribution of methods** (along a spectrum): * **methods as usual**: old social methodologies incorporated into digital devices * **big-methods**: vast datasets allow us to perform large-scale analysis on *real* network dynamics** * **virtual methods**: adaptation of the social research methods into the digital * **digital methods**: adapt digital devices for the purposes of social research ---- ## "Natively digital" methods & objects The rise of the Internet enables new research methods that deploy specifically digital devices such as links, comments and shares Rogers, R. (2009). The End of the Virtual: Digital Methods * **methods** embedded in online devices: of crawling, scraping, folksonomy * **digital objects**: tweet, username, timestamp, hyperlink, hashtag * built upon existing services ### *Places* of research (*spheres*) Rogers, R. (2013). Digital Methods 1. mid to late 90s: hyperlink, individual website analysis 2. early to mid 00s: blogosphere, search engine critique 3. late 00s: location-aware, web 2.0, social media **"cross-spherical analysis”: web, blogs, news, twitter, etc** ---- ## Digital Methods Initiative ![](https://i.imgur.com/8bZEfP1.png) https://wiki.digitalmethods.net/Dmi/ToolDatabase ---  ## Digital object: *hyperlink* Brin, S., & Page, L. (1998). The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine. ---- DMI tool: Issuecrawler <img src="https://i.imgur.com/abkB5t3.png" width="70%"> https://issuecrawler.net ---- ## Digital object: *hashtag*  Early use: [IRC(Internet Relay chat)](https://webchat.freenode.net/) ---- ## Ad-hoc hashtags * *ad hoc* : emergent "as necessary" / "when needed" * coordination between distributed, and possibly disconnected actors * '#' * user generated * competing specific themes and uses * evolving and non-deterministic * community: common topics and (direct) engagement * issue network (Marres): comunities generated from contested topics    ---- <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/04/us/proud-boys-twitter-hashtag-gay-men-trnd/index.html" target="_BLANK"><img src="https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkSpPxwuw.png" width="70%"></a> ---- Top hashtags in the Climate Change space on Twitter over time (March-Jun 2012) <img src="https://i.imgur.com/cF3PGQ5.jpg" width="60%"> (see project information [here](http://blogs.cim.warwick.ac.uk/issuemapping/cases/issue-lifelines/)) --- ### Visual Network Analysis (tbc in workshop) * evolving, non-deterministic data * force-vector: *gravity* * not spatial, but relative position of the nodes (in relation to each other) * borders are not exact, communities are fluid and can overlap * mixed methods: qualitative inquiry before, after, or alongside the quantitative analysis Venturini, T., & Jacomy, M. (2014). Visual Network Analysis ---- <img src="https://i.imgur.com/WI43yHD.jpg" width="70%"> Based on Venturini et al (2014), which structures can you identify in this network? Is it significant, regardless of its specific content? --- ## DMI tool: TCAT https://ds.cc.au.dk/ (access code on [workshop page](https://brightspace.au.dk/d2l/le/lessons/25343/lessons/656580)) * API based * Built by keywords OR geolocations * Can be thoroughly queried (if you have a complicated query on a big bin, it will take some time) * Different data and formats can be exported from it (depending on the amount of data and the bin size, this process may take some time) <style> .reveal{ font-family:mono; font-size: 25px; } .reveal .censor{ background:#333333; color:white; } .reveal .censorw{ background:white; color:black; } .reveal .pinky{ color:#e5157d; font-style:italic; font-size: .8em; } .reveal section img { border: none; box-shadow: none; } .reveal section left{ width:50%; } .reveal .refs { color: grey; font-size: small; text-align: left; } </style>

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