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    ## 好心肝會刊肝病資訊 ### 第103期 出刊日:2023-07-18 [返回上一層](https://liver.org.tw/journalList.php?page=1) # 酒精無安全劑量 飲酒傷肝傷身,罹癌風險增! _**近年來關於喝酒危害健康的研究愈來愈多,喝酒喝出一身病,不僅造成醫療費用和收入損失,還可能引發酒駕、暴力等危險事件。而且近半數國人有酒精不耐症,飲酒罹癌風險更高。遠離酒精才能守護健康!**_ 諮詢╱徐士哲( 臺大醫院內科部主治醫師、臺大醫院癌醫中心分院及臺大醫院雲林分院兼任主治醫師、臺大醫學院內科兼任助理教授) 撰稿╱黃筱珮 **在政治圈工作的小陳經常跑攤應酬,喝酒少不了,本身是B型肝炎帶原者的他,肝臟健康已經堪慮,每次酒一喝多,肝指數飆高引發身體不適,為此經常就醫。有次春酒後,小陳發生腦中風,生命垂危,鬼門關走一遭的他意識到喝酒茲事體大,傷肝也傷身,出院後大幅減少應酬,一步步找回健康。** 人類的飲酒文化已有數千年之久,然而,自古也有「酒是穿腸毒藥」一說。一杯杯黃湯下肚,對健康來說首當其衝的就是肝臟,除了可能喝出酒精性肝病外,罹患口腔癌、鼻咽癌、食道癌等癌症的機率也增加,還可能酒後駕車危及他人生命、釀成酒後暴力案件等,危害實不容小覷。 衛生福利部國民健康署曾有研究推估,台灣每年約有4500人死於酒害,平均每天就有11人死亡,另有超過4萬人因飲酒而生病,衍生的整體醫療資源費用約35億元,經濟損失更高達近549億元。而國內民間團體也將5月9日訂為「台灣無酒日」,提倡「無酒、節酒、零酒精」的健康理念。 **喝酒有害健康 小酌亦無保護效果** 過去雖然有「小酌有益健康」一說,還有少量飲酒對於預防缺血性中風有幫助的說法,不過近年研究已經證實,適量飲酒不具保護作用,過去認為少量飲酒對心臟有益的觀念已不再適用了。 國際知名醫學期刊《刺胳針》(The Lancet)2018年刊登一篇大型研究指出,因為喝酒對人體有致癌影響,並不存在無害飲酒,只有把飲酒量降到0,才能避免酒精對身體的各種危害。 2023年3月31日《美國醫學會網路開放期刊》(JAMA Network Open)刊登一篇研究也顯示,少量飲酒並不能防止因各種原因導致的死亡。該研究對超過480萬名參與者、107項研究進行系統回顧分析,研究發現對於每天飲用少於25克乙醇(酒精)者來說,與未飲酒者相比,所有死因死亡率的風險沒有顯著降低。而每天飲酒25克或更多的女性飲酒者,和每天飲酒45克或更多的男性飲酒者,所有死因死亡率的風險則顯著增加。 此外,該研究還發現,與終生不飲酒的女性相比,女性飲酒者的死亡風險明顯更高。 **可歸因於酒精的前3大癌症:** **食道癌、肝癌、乳癌** 另一本醫學期刊《刺胳針腫瘤學》(The Lancet Oncology)2021年8月也有一篇論文「2020年酒精消費導致的全球癌症負擔」,該研究指出,全球2020年所有新發癌症病例中,約有74萬例(佔4.1%)可歸因於飲酒,其中大約四分之三的病例是男性。可歸因於酒精的癌症部位,前三名分別是食道癌、肝癌和女性乳腺癌。 該研究指出,攝入之酒精可透過多種生物學途徑導致癌症發展,包括DNA、蛋白質和脂質改變或乙醛(乙醇的致癌代謝物)造成的損害;氧化壓力(oxidative stress);以及雌激素和雄性激素等荷爾蒙調節的改變。乙醇還可能作為其他致癌物質(例如煙草中的化學物質)的溶劑,間接促進癌症的發展。 **酒精是第一類致癌物** **消化系統首當其衝** 許多研究早已指出,酒精對中樞神經系統、消化系統及心血管系統有毒性作用,酒精飲料已被國際癌症研究機構(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)歸類為第一類致癌物質。 2022年5月英國《酒精與酒精中毒》(Alcohol and Alcoholism)期刊一篇論文「飲酒:醫學意義、肝臟及其他」指出,飲酒幾乎影響身體每個系統,其中與酒精相關的癌症就包括:上呼吸消化道(口腔、咽、喉、食道 )癌症、胃癌、肝細胞癌、胰腺癌、大腸直腸癌、膀胱癌、前列腺癌、乳癌、皮膚癌、血液惡性腫瘤等。酒精與多種消化系統癌症具高度關聯性,推測是黃湯下肚時,酒精直接對黏膜細胞產生損傷,反覆發生細胞傷害,久而久之產生癌變。此外,長期飲酒可能增加腸道黏膜的通透性,也就是「腸漏症」(leaky gut syndrome),使得細菌的蛋白質毒素更容易透過肝門靜脈系統進入體內循環,引發全身性的發炎反應。 正常情況下,我們吃進去的食物在腸胃道裡消化吸收,食物本身雖然可能帶有細菌或毒素,但正常的腸壁是完整的,細菌毒素不太有機會進到身體內部。一旦腸道細胞當受到外力影響(例如壓力、酒精…等)可能造成腸漏症,腸壁發炎嚴重出現縫隙,「如同國門洞開」,讓細菌或毒素有機會從縫隙跑進血管裡,跟著血流到處流竄,造成全身器官損傷與發炎反應,而慢性發炎已被證實與癌症的發生有關。 ![](https://liver.org.tw/uploadfiles/images/8%2817%29.jpg) **國人近半「酒精不耐」** **喝酒罹癌風險更高** 酒精主要透過肝臟代謝,第一步會先由乙醇去氫酶(ADH)代謝成有毒的乙醛,再由乙醛去氫酶(ALDH2)代謝成無毒的乙酸。當身體基因異常ALDH2功能較差時,會使「乙醛」的清除速度緩慢,造成血液中乙醛濃度升高,容易出現臉紅、心跳加速、頭痛、頭暈、嘔吐、宿醉等症狀,又稱為「酒精不耐症」。 根據美國史丹佛醫學院的研究,台灣是全世界ALDH2功能較差比率最高的地方,有將近一半(45~47%)人口ALDH2功能較差,比中國大陸的35%、日本的30%及韓國的20%都還要高,比例更是遠高於白種人。研究顯示,喝酒會臉紅的人每天喝兩杯紅酒,罹患食道癌的機率比不喝酒者高出50倍,因此國人喝酒更容易罹癌。 喝酒會臉紅其實可視為一種「保護機制」,提醒這樣的人應該避免喝酒。而喝酒不臉紅的族群,更不能因此貪杯,因為酒精對人體的傷害是一樣的,如果自恃「千杯不醉」,一杯接一杯,就更容易酒精過量,引起更大的健康危害。 ![](https://liver.org.tw/uploadfiles/images/9%2814%29.jpg) **愛喝酒 小心變「肝」苦人** 喝酒傷肝普遍為大家熟知,如果平時愛喝酒,或短時間內大量喝酒,肝指數又出現異常,醫師就會懷疑是否為酒精所造成。臨床上常見的酒精性肝病(alcoholic liver disease, ALD)相當多,包括酒精性脂肪肝、酒精性肝炎、酒精性肝硬化和肝癌。 由於90%以上的酒精都會經由肝臟代謝,酒精代謝過程中會產生「還原型菸鹼醯胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸」(NADH),進而抑制脂肪酸的代謝以及增加脂肪酸的合成;過多的脂肪酸再和甘油結合,形成三酸甘油酯。過多的三酸甘油酯在肝細胞內堆積,即是所謂的「脂肪肝」。 脂肪肝和酒精性肝炎常常是並存的,肝臟發炎會誘發肝纖維化,再持續下去就可能進展至肝硬化。另酒精也會影響鐵質代謝,造成肝細胞發炎反應。當肝細胞發炎,就會活化分布在肝竇狀隙內的星狀細胞(stellate cell),星狀細胞會製造膠原蛋白,造成肝纖維化及肝硬化。 肝臟是沈默的器官,酒精性脂肪肝本身通常也沒有症狀,多半是肝臟發炎了,出現倦怠感、食慾減退、發燒等症狀,才會意識到情況不對勁;若還是置之不理,當進展到肝硬化,出現蜘蛛狀紅痣、腹脹、腹水、下肢水腫、門靜脈高壓、脾臟腫大、肝性腦病變等症狀時,病情多半已經非常嚴重。 肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌這所謂的「肝病三部曲」並不是B、C肝病毒者的專利,喝酒引發的「酒精性肝病」,同樣也可能歷經這三部曲。如果本身是B、C型肝炎患者,更要避免喝酒,因為在病毒與酒精的加乘作用之下,將對肝臟產生更劇烈、難以承受的傷害,加速病程的進展。 **酒精性肝病無特效藥 僅能症狀治療** 通常酗酒引起的肝發炎,可以從肝發炎指數窺出端倪,GOT值(又稱AST)通常會比GPT值(又稱ALT)高兩、三倍以上。另外也可以抽血檢驗γ-GT(gamma glutamyl transpeptidase,丙麩氨轉肽酶),這是一種分解蛋白質的酵素,在大量飲酒後的12至24小時,γ-GT會大幅升高;而患有酒精性肝病的人,平時血中的γ-GT值就會升高。 目前針對酒精性肝病的治療並不像病毒性肝炎一樣有很好的治療藥物,只能針對症狀加以緩解,例如當肝指數過高合併黃疸,會用高劑量類固醇治療;酗酒會影響營養攝取,造成維生素B群和葉酸缺乏,因此也會視情況補充營養素。常用肝庇護劑,例如含甘草甜素(glycyrrhizin)及水飛薊素(silymarin)等藥物,但能否減緩酒精性肝病仍有爭議。 但是這些都只是症狀治療,如果要遠離酒精性肝病,別無他法,只有「戒酒」才是最好的解方。如果因為酒精造成肝硬化、肝癌需要換肝,也必須戒酒才能接受大愛器官捐贈,酒精性肝病是因「行為」造成的疾病,也只有透過行為改變才能從根本翻轉。 **戒酒也可改善肝硬化症狀** **有酒癮應積極求助** 英國《酒精與酒精中毒》期刊論文指出,大量飲酒與肝硬化風險增加相關,其風險與飲酒時間長短相關,因為長期飲酒會觸發一系列機制,如肝細胞內脂肪積累、炎症損傷、纖維化,最終致癌。然而,當戒酒時,肝功能會有所改善,因為研究顯示即使在酒精性肝硬化晚期,戒酒也可以減少門脈高壓併發症和死亡率。 當有重複喝酒行為,而且不想喝卻還是控制不了,可能已經達到酒癮程度。根據精神疾病診斷準則手冊第五版(DSM-5),若出現「對酒精的耐受性增加」,如需要增加酒量才能達到跟以往同等的效果,或持續使用相同的酒量卻無法得到滿足感;以及出現「戒斷症狀」,如心跳加快、手抖增加、失眠、噁心嘔吐、焦慮甚至癲癇發作等,很可能已經染上酒癮,應該積極尋求協助,才能斷開酒精的傷害。 **圖:酒精相關疾病** **資料來源:英國《酒精與酒精中毒》(Alcohol and Alcoholism)期刊** FacebookGoogle+Twitter微博 #### 請別錯過本期其他精彩內容… - [新觀念:從小酌怡情到少量飲酒即有害健康](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1201&page=1) - [2022年十大死因 慢性肝病及肝硬化首度跌出榜外 但仍不可輕忽](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1202&page=1) - [「樂聖」貝多芬死因解謎 頭髮驗出B肝病毒 推測死因為肝硬化](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1203&page=1) - [一杯接一杯,無法自拔… 藥物及心理治療雙管齊下 助戒癮](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1205&page=1) - [質子治療用於肝癌的時機?](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1206&page=1) - [大腸癌年輕化、晚期癌增加 遠離風險因子 及早阻斷大腸癌](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1207&page=1) - [腫瘤引起膽道阻塞 內視鏡膽道射頻消融術合併支架可改善](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1208&page=1) - [【愛肝新樂園】帶人帶心還是帶肝?](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1209&page=1) - [一次搞懂B肝帶原、慢性B型肝炎、 B型肝炎急性發作!](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1210&page=1) - [哪些藥物可能會讓B肝病毒活化?](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1211&page=1) - [吞嚥困難、體重減輕… 小心是食道弛緩不能症!](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1212&page=1) - [「大」不出來!惱人的便秘怎解?](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1213&page=1) - [肚子怪怪的…不一定是吃壞肚子! 解析功能性消化不良](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1214&page=1) - [肝爹信箱 有問必答](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1215&page=1) - [全島一肝 高雄旗山抽血癌篩暨腹超活動 旅美企業家愛心回饋鄉里 照顧鄉親的健康](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1216&page=1) - [【請問好心肝】膀胱癌5問 余宏政教授專業解答](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1217&page=1) - [【請問好心肝】眩暈5問 楊怡和教授專業解答](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1218&page=1) - [【請問好心肝】腺樣體肥大4問 許巍鐘教授專業解答](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1219&page=1) - [【請問好心肝】腹瀉5問 朱祐龍醫師專業解答](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1220&page=1) - [【請問好心肝】 麻醉4問 陳建榮醫師專業解答](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1221&page=1) - [【好心肝故事】醫師一句話,逆轉臺大葉丙成教授脂肪肝](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1222&page=1) - [好心肝門診中心擴建,11樓門診服務正式啟動](https://liver.org.tw/journalView.php?cat=79&sid=1223&page=1)

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