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###### tags: `Data Base` # 第八章: Enhanced Entity-Relationship(EER) Model ![](https://i.imgur.com/QHm29YC.png) - Specialization 是指不同的 subclass 有各個不同的 characteristics - Generalization 是指將一樣的 feature 統合成一個 super class ## Representing Specialization in EER Diagrans ![](https://i.imgur.com/hO4NHrw.png) ## Constraints on Specialization and Geralization - Predicate-defined(condition-defined) subclass 可以用條件判斷哪些是 super 的 subclass - Condition 是指 subclass members 的 constraint - Attribute-defined Constraints 可以用相同 attribute 來判斷 superclass 的 super attribute - User-defined Constraints - 如果沒有 condition 判斷關係,則 subclass 是 user-defined - 有兩種 constraints 可以應用於 specialization 與 generalization : - Disjointness: - disjoint: 只能是其中一種 subclass - 用 d 表示 - overlapping: 可以是多個 subclass - 用 o 表示 - Completeness: - Total: - 每個在 superclass 的 entity 都必須是其中某個 subclass - 用雙實線代表 - Partial: - 允許 entity 可以不是任何資個 subclass - 用單實線代表 - 用 o 表示(overlapping) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/E7hvxEi.png) ## Hierarchies and Lattices - Hierarachy: 只能有一個 superclass - 又稱 single inheritance - 一個 tree structure - Lattices: 可以有多個 superclass - 又稱 multiple inheritance 或 shared subclass ![](https://i.imgur.com/H3TtIKf.png) - 從上往下 specialization 稱為 top down concetual refinement process - 從下往上 genralization 稱為 bottom up cinceotual synthesis process ![](https://i.imgur.com/fiHfLgu.png) - 當 relation 連接 subclass 時,shared subclass 稱為 category 或 UNION TYPE - 使用 U 代表 ![](https://i.imgur.com/V5s9kdo.png) ## Formal Definitions of EER - Specialization Z: Z = $\{S_1,S_2,...,S_n\}$ 是一個有同樣 superclass G 的 subclasses set - G 叫做 subclasses 的 generalization - Z $\in$ Total if $S_1 \cup S_2 \cup S_3 \cup ... \cup S_n = G$, otherwise, Z is partial - Z $\in$ disjoint if $S_i \cap S_j\ for\ i \ne j$ otherwise, Z is overlapping - Predicate defined: 符合條件 P 在 C 的 attributes S, 以 S = C\[p] 表示 - Attribute-defined specialization: if predicate A = ci, 則屬於某個 subclass - 非 predicate defined 者為 user-defined - Category: 一個 subset T $\subset$ ($D_1 \cup D_2 \cup ... \cup D_n$), D 為不同 superclass ![](https://i.imgur.com/Z5psm7f.png) ## Design Issues - Entity? Attribute? - 看語意與企業架構 - e.g. should Phone be an attribute of Employee or a separate entity? ![](https://i.imgur.com/yyEaW65.png) 只能記錄一次同個 department 的 from 到 to ![](https://i.imgur.com/iCoX1iO.png) 能記錄多次同個 department 的 from 到 to - Entity? Relationship? - relationship 用於 entity 之間的動作 ![](https://i.imgur.com/QcSDBbj.png) 重複紀錄太多次 dbudges ![](https://i.imgur.com/HeAuxxT.png) 只要綁定 managers 可以只記錄一次 - Design Principles - specifications - 避免 redundancy - 保持簡單 - 選擇正確的元素(entity or relation or attribute)

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