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    [Day01] Scrum 30天學習日誌 - 傳統瀑布式開發 === 在正式介紹Scrum之前,先來簡單認識傳統的**瀑布式開發**和逐漸興起的**敏捷式開發**。 ## 瀑布式開發 無論是商業組織、政府機構,還是非營利組織,都可能需要透過開發、訂製和使用軟體來創造價值。傳統的「瀑布式開發」使用**預測性**的設計流程,像瀑布一樣從上往下,建立嚴謹、標準的開發程序,清楚的階段劃分,易於分工及責任歸屬。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/5BlHgUT.jpg) 但正因為清楚、固定的階段劃分,若是要回到上個階段做更改或修正都有一定的難度,而每個階段之間產生的大量資料,也提升了工作量;由於只有最後才能看到開發的成果,大大的增加了開發風險,且不適應用戶需求的變化。因此,經常遇到以下的問題: 1. 版本發布所需時間越來越長 2. 無法按時發布 3. 版本發布的最後階段,軟體達到穩定狀態所需的時間越來越長 4. 制定計畫的時機太長,但計畫卻不夠準確 5. 在版本發布中期很難做修改 6. 品質惡化 7. 「死亡行軍^[死亡行軍(Death March):被迫行軍的戰俘或被驅逐出境的人們,通常會因刻意的過勞或遭受虐待而無法跟上隊伍,此情況可能持續到整個隊伍的人們都死亡。在此意指即便一個專案註定要失敗,或團隊成員已過度疲勞,該專案的成员仍需被迫按照上級的指示繼續此專案。詳情請參見WIKI。]」損傷士氣 並不是認為瀑布式流程一定不好,只是較適用於擁有某些特定的條件下,進而取得成功,然而,在軟體開發這個環境,這些只是特例而並非常態。何謂特定的條件?當已經建立了完整的**願景**,而其中的**要求**已經定義,同時也策畫出詳細的**計畫**,此時就可以使用瀑布式計畫。但是,只要與原始目標、需求或是計畫略有偏差,失去**控制**和**可預測性**,就會帶來巨大的風險。 ## Stacey Graph Stacey Graph是用來評估共作中的確定性和可預測性的有效工具。他能衡量不同維度工作的確定性和不可預見性,並標示出工作範圍。這3個維度分別是需求(Requirements)、技術(Technology)和人(people),如下圖所示。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/SuCO27P.png) 簡單來說,瀑布式開發適用於沒有任何變動或不確定性,而且技術與願景又能夠完全一致且確定的組織。 ## FBI的Sentinel專案 FBI在2006年3月展開的[Sentinel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_(FBI))專案,初期便是使用瀑布式開發,最初的預算是4.51億美元,預期在2009年12月完工。然而到了2010年3月,FBI已經花費了總預算中的4.05億美元,卻只完成了一半的工作。2010年,他們改變了Sentinel的開發流程,導入了敏捷開發和Scrum,最終在2012年7月完成了全部的部署。 --- ## 小結 擬定計畫是有用的,但是盲目跟隨計畫是不聰明的。簡單介紹了瀑布式開發和相關案例,明天將繼續介紹敏捷式開發,並對兩者做一點比較。

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