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# Your Printer is not your Printer ! - Hacking Printers at Pwn2Own - angelboy {%hackmd @HITCON/r1cl60dRc %} > 從這開始 Printer-IoT 只要把印表機接上外網,可能就很容易被人亂印東西。 印表機是每間公司最常見的,大型企業可能會接上 ad,讓印表機有機會拿到機密資訊。 去年 2021 pwn2own 多了印表機類別,但一開始嘗試失敗了,因為他是RTOS系統 不是 Linux 三台印表機全部都打下來了,今天只講 canon hp 兩台 怎麼分析的呢? 當時沒拿到可用的韌體,都是混淆的,而且一定要實體拆解 拆了裝不回去,所以要不要拆猶豫了很久,最後沒有拆用別的方式 canon 多功能事務機 混淆過沒辦法用IDApro分析 用韌體格式和特徵分析看看,NCSW 這個數值是大寫,Magic看其他都是混淆過的 所以說不定舊版本可以解混淆? 決定抓舊版,但是直接找不到,那分析下載網址看看 找到是base64,發現是三個部分 分別是 type ,model number, firmware version 後來找到了多個,以最新的為主 但看完後發現第一個版本就混淆了,只好把所有版本都找出來,看有沒有類似的混淆方式 全部有 130gb ,用 grep 找 剛剛的 magic,NCSW有找到類似的東西 很幸運的去解之後,終於找到明文字串 下一步要找到imagebase,讓ida搭配才能用 rbasefind 工具可以找 正常function 還是能看出來在幹嘛,可以用個小技巧,先找知道function name的位置,最後找到的是 0x40...,然後再用位置對應去反向找位移 掃 9100 Port 就可以做怪怪的事 ## Printer are RTOS (Real time OS) ### HP 需要 dma attack ### Canon step1. firmware analysis - magic bytes: `NCFW` - firmware to firmware comparison - obtain the naming method and confusing way between versions step2. find the OS base - tips: find by known function to find images location - ARMv7 ### HP step 1. 拆解 or not step 2. Binwalk -Z - ARMv11 hp是 rtos threadx green hills ## attack surface 評估過服務後,決定找以下三個服務, 原因為廠商為自己開發而非使用opensource - SLP: server discovery protoval, - attribute request packet - function: `parse_scope_list`, `parse_scope_char` - buffer overflow!! - no Stack guard, and other protection - mDNS - BJNP - session stored in Global area - inject shellcode into global buffer - then buffer overflow to that section - LLMNR - function: `llmnr_` no length verification - DEP, MPU limitation - only can overflow 0x100 bytes - bypass by MMU (大神思維), overwrite the return address - translation table protect by MPU - ROP again to disable MPU - modify `LPD` function to become backdoor - flush I-cache and D-cache after pwned ## Debug No debug console because they didnt physically tear down the Use sleep to debugXD ROP -> Do something -> sleep -> reboot -> ROP slp 服務發現協定,讓區網內更容易找到印表機,是canon自己實作的 只有 service (印表機) 和 user 的情況 使用者可以發 unicast封包找印表機 --- 開始講程式碼邏輯中 找出 stack overflow,就可以來injection 發現沒有各種保護機制,對駭客非常友善 --- 找地方放 shell code 發現一個 BJNP 的服務發現協定,會把可控的 session 放上去 這邊不講細節,只要知道可以放 global data 的 shell code 就好 ## 總結 1. bjnp put shell code 1. trigger 到底怎麼把logo印的螢幕上反而花很多時間,比賽時間快到了只好放棄,改成直接印message就好 主辦方有印表機,然後印表機上的主選單螢幕出現攻擊者的訊息,就代表攻擊成功了 要怎麼 debugger 又不拆機? 頗麻煩 找舊版本韌體來打 能接上debug console 最好,但是本次debug 法是用 rop 做事 sleep reboot 的循環 定期更新印表機 關掉沒有在用的服務 限制可以連線的身份 --- ###### tags: `HITCON2022`,`HITCON`

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