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    ## 苯二氮平類(Benzodiazepines,BZD) ### Diazepam 臨床越來越少使用這個藥了。 飛機的急救箱裡面會有1-2顆(用於鎮靜/控制癲癇)。使用方式 IV slow push(5 mg/min)。 ### Clonazepam * 健保的藥物代碼歸類在**抗癲癇的藥物**,但就結構上它其實是屬於 BZD。 * 有比較長的半衰期,在低劑量可以當作安眠的藥物,而在適應恐慌症上,可以作為中、長效降低恐慌發作的藥物。 ### Alprazolam (Xanax) 恐慌症的特效藥。**效果很快**,在幾分鐘內就可以 suppress 恐慌症(panic) 的一些症狀,但作用時間不長,如果患者急性發作的話,一天可能需要吃到3-4次。 很多心臟科醫師也喜歡用這個藥物,讓患者緊張時,心臟能夠舒緩。但如果患者已經有很嚴重的焦慮反應時,只吃一次可能是不夠的,而且可能在藥物代謝(失效)之後,會造成更嚴重的反彈效應(焦慮會嚴重)。 ### Lorazepam (安定文) 藍色圓形外觀;因為本藥一半是由腎臟代謝,一半是由肝臟代謝,所以除了作為鎮靜劑之外,也會**用在酒精戒斷**或是**預防酒精戒斷**,降低對肝臟的耗損程度。 對於酒精戒斷的緩解緩解或是預防都有一定的功效! > BTW 酒精也是作用在 GABA 上[color=#F4B400] ### Triazolam 剛推出的時候,風靡一時。因為它是一種超級短效的安眠藥,可以很快幫助病人入睡,藥物半衰期也非常的短(2小時),但 tolerance 很快,意思就是患者容易產生耐受性(tolerance)和依賴性(dependence),需要加高劑量且越來越離不開它,而且患者會出現**順行性失憶**的症狀。 國外有研究報告指出,罕見會出現幻覺,所以推出不久之後,在很多國家就被禁用了。而台灣目前尚未禁用,但是在臨床開立上就沒有那麼普遍。 > 參考資料:[2017年開立數量排名(臺灣臨床藥學雜誌25卷第4期(106.10))](https://www.taiwan-pharma.org.tw/magazine/101/118-125.pdf) ### Flumazenil 是專一性的 Benzodiazepines antagonist(BZD的拮抗劑(緩解劑))。 #### [老師上課補充] 在急診碰到患者昏迷被送進來,患者人事不知,拍也拍不醒,也沒有中風。要怎麼判斷患者是不是 overdose BZDs? 通常就會使用 Flumazenil,用(vial) 注射的方式給藥。如施打後患者短暫清醒一下,就表示患者是 BZD overdosing 所造成昏睡的狀況。 治療方式:維持通暢 air way,做 Supporting treatment,待 BZD 藥效過之後,患者應該就會自動恢復了。 ## 乙型阻斷劑 (B-adrenergic antagonists;Beta blockers) 除了作為一種降低焦慮的藥物外,部分也會作為**降血壓的藥物**。 ### Atenolol (Tenormin) * 是一種長效的降血壓藥,對心肌的β-1受體會產生競爭性的抵抗作用(β-1>β-2)。 * 在病房和心臟科診間經常會使用,但是在精神科比較少用它來減緩病人焦慮。 ### Propranolol (Inderal) 商品名叫做心康樂;主要由肝臟代謝。 適應症:焦慮症、恐慌症、PTSD、distress > 有支氣管氣喘或曾有器官痙攣史的病患不得使用 早期第一代的抗精神藥物,患者OD而產生靜坐不能(akathisia)的症狀時,這時就可以用 Propranolol 可以比較快緩解患者症狀。 ## 巴比妥類藥物 (Barbiturates) 這類的藥物越來越少用了,現在還會使用的有兩種(主要是被**神經內科用來治療癲癇(seizure)**): * Phenobarbital (Luminal) * Amobarbital (Amytal) ## Z drugs 是 Nonbenzodiazepine GABA agonist,所以**會作用在 GABA receptor complex**,但它的位置不是在 benzodiazepine receptor上面,而是在旁邊鄰近的一個區域。雖然作用的位置和 BZD 不太一樣,但後續一樣會進行 GABA 方面神經的 transduction。 ### Zolpidem (Stilnox)(使蒂諾斯) * 常見藥物;在台灣比較有名,是因為可以幫助患者**在很短的時間內入眠**,對於**入睡**很有幫助,**長期服用會成癮**。(在 threads 上面大部分拿出來炫藥的就是這個。 * 在台灣發現比較多的 adverse effects,就是**夢遊**以及 **Zolpidem-induced amnesia(導致記憶缺失-順行性失憶)**。 > 比較常見就是聽到患者主訴第二天起來,前一天晚上發生的事情完全都不記得了。老師說它有聽過患者半夜起來,然後把冰箱裡的東西全部吃完,更詭異的還有晚上開車出去兜風,還開回來停好,再回去睡覺,第二天早上起來完全沒有印象。 這類的 adverse effects 在台灣發現的比例較高(值得研究![color=#F4B400] ### Zopiclone (Imovane) * 常見藥物;作用時間會比較長,比較適合用於治療**睡眠延長**和**睡眠中斷**。 * adverse effects:病人主訴起床後**感到嘴巴黏黏的**,**有苦味**。 ### Zaleplon 市面上比較少見,有些大醫院會有。 ## Melatonin 類的藥物 在台灣不是管制藥物,所以醫師開立處方,**自費購買顆數沒有限制**,Agomelatine 除外。 ### Ramelteon * 商品名:ROZEREM * 自費藥物(一顆也要價30-40元up;2023年) * Melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors selective agonist agonist,與 [Agomelatine](https://hackmd.io/npYvTVeEQLKRLX3Xu68iJQ?both#Agomelatine-valdoxan-%E7%85%A9%E5%A4%9A%E9%96%83) 的作用機轉很類似。 * **單純作為安眠藥使用** * 和 Melatonin 最大的差別就是對 MT1/MT2 受體的親和力(affinity),Ramelteon 對 MT1/MT2 受體的作用比 Melatonin 強約 17 倍。 ### Melatonin (褪黑激素) * 自費藥物;在台灣**已經有藥用的褪黑激素**了,但**不作為健康食品**販售,因考量到在國外褪黑激素都是**從動物的大腦中提煉**。 * 主要是提供給**需要調節時差**的患者,如果是長年服用 Z drugs、BZDs 的患者,那 Melatonin 可能起不到甚麼作用 ### Agomelatine (valdoxan) 煩多閃 * 褪黑激素受體的活化劑(Melatonin) MT1 and MT2 receptors agonist * **血清素受體阻斷劑(Serotonin)5-HT2C receptor antagonist**,阻斷 5HT2 的 receptor ,可以使 5HT 的濃度上升。5HT 可以合成血清素,然後**進一步轉化成褪黑激素**,所以 Agomelatine 主要是用來治療憂鬱症,另外才是幫助治療失眠。然後 Agomelatine 可增加腦前額葉釋放正腎上腺素( norepinephrine) 與 多巴胺(dopamine) 類似 bupropion 的效果,而且不易產生戒斷的症狀。 * 主要作為一種新型的**抗憂鬱劑 (antidepressant)** 使用,助眠效果是 off-label use。 > Agomelatine 如果是作為抗憂鬱劑,健保有給付,但如果用於治療睡眠的話,就需要自費。[color=#F4B400] ## Others ### Lemborexant (dayvigo) * 新藥,並且是**自費藥物**(台灣自費一顆要40-50) * Dual orexin receptor antagonist * 不像服用 BZDs 起床後會有宿醉感的副作用 ## 鎮定安眠藥物的注意事項 :::warning * Never abrupt discontinuing. (絕對不能突然停藥) * 突然停藥可能會導致患者**戒斷焦慮(Withdrawal anxiety)**,嚴重的話甚至有可能會**譫妄(Delirium)**、**癲癇(seizure)**。 * 要用**漸進的方式(Tapered slowly) 來慢慢停藥**,例如**每個禮拜降低 1/4 藥量**,患者回診沒有問題就再降,有問題就維持或是增加藥量。 ::: ### Suggested reading Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry, 12th ed. Chapter 21, p591~728. (multiple table quotations from here) > Lecture: Psychopharmacology > [name=授課教師:國立陽明大學 醫學系精神學科 藍祚鴻醫師][color=#F4B400] > 下一堂:[Antipsychotics 抗精神藥物 - Serotonin dopamine antagonist (SDA) |進階藥理學課程筆記](https://thc1006.craft.me/antipsychotics)

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