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---
tags: computer architure 2022
---
# Assignment 2: RISC-V Toolchain
## Problem description:
- This problem is based on [LeetCode 1929](https://leetcode.com/problems/concatenation-of-array/) from [楊淳皓](https://hackmd.io/@Vgwl_uixQFasIvsDbsFlvA/risc-v-hw1).
- motivation:In assignment 1,I tried to practice pointer in assembly,so in assignment 2,I want to practice with array.
## Code implementation
- Origin C code is From [楊淳皓](https://hackmd.io/@Vgwl_uixQFasIvsDbsFlvA/risc-v-hw1)
```c=
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(){
int a[3] = {1, 2, 3};
int b[6];
int i;
for(i=0; i<3; i++){
b[i]=a[i];
b[i+3]=a[i];
}
for(i=0; i<3*2; i++) {
printf("%d ", b[i]);
}
return 0;
}
```
- Modified C code
```c=
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int* getConcatenation(int* nums, int numsSize) {
int returnSize = numsSize * 2;
int* ans = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int) * (numsSize * 2));
int i = 0;
for (i = 0; i < numsSize; i++) {
ans[i] = nums[i];
ans[i + numsSize] = nums[i];
}
return ans;
}
int main() {
int a[3] = {1, 2, 3};
int* b = getConcatenation(a, 3);
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
printf("%d ", b[i]);
}
return 0;
}
```
- Origin Assembly code
```clike=
.data
arr1: .word 1, 2, 3 # a[3] = {1, 2, 3}
len1: .word 3 # array length of a is 3
space: .string " " # space
.text
# s1 = arr a base address
# s2 = arr b base address
# s3 = array length of a
# t0 = i
# t1 = a[i]
# t2 = b[i]
# s4 = temp[i]
main:
la s1, arr1 # s1 = a
lw s3, len1 # s3 = 3
add t0, x0, x0 # i = 0
jal ra, loopCon # jump to loop for concatenation
add t0, x0, x0 # i = 0
jal ra, loopPrint # jump to loop for print
jal ra, exit # jump to exit
loopCon:
lw t1, 0(s1) # t1 = a[i]
sw t1, 0(s2) # b[i] = t1
sw t1, 0(s4) # temp[i] = t1
addi s1, s1, 4 # address move forward
addi s2, s2, 4 # address move forward
addi s4, s4, 4
addi t0, t0, 1 # i++
blt t0, s3, loopCon # if i < 3, go to loopCon
ret # else, return to main
loopPrint:
lw t2, 0(s2) # t2 = b[i]
addi s2, s2, 4 # address move forward
add a0, t2, x0 # load result of array b
li a7, 1 # print integer
ecall
la a0, space # load string - space
li a7, 4 # print string
ecall
addi t0, t0, 1 # i++
blt t0, s3, loopPrint # if i < 3, go to loopPrint
add t0, x0, x0
then:
lw t2, 0(s4)
addi s4, s4, 4
li a7 1
ecall
la a0, space
li a7, 4
ecall
addi t0, t0, 1
blt t0, s3, then
ret # else, return to main
exit:
li a7, 10 # end program
ecall
```
- Modified Assembly code
:::info
Since the original code can't print the right output,I did some modeify.
:::
```clike=
.data
arr1: .word 1, 2, 3 # a[3] = {1, 2, 3}
len1: .word 3 # array length of a is 3
space: .string " " # space
.text
# s1 = arr a base address
# s2 = arr b base address
# s3 = array length of a
# t0 = i
# t1 = a[i]
# t2 = b[i]
# s4 = temp[i]
main:
la s1, arr1 # s1 = a[]
lw s3, len1 # s3 = 3
mv s5, s2
mv s6, s4
add t0, x0, x0 # i = 0
loopCon:
lw t1, 0(s1) # t1 = a[i]
sw t1, 0(s2) # b[i] = t1
sw t1, 0(s4) # temp[i] = t1
addi s1, s1, 4 # address move forward
addi s2, s2, 4 # address move forward
addi s4, s4, 4 # address move forward
addi t0, t0, 1 # i++
blt t0, s3, loopCon # if i < 3, go to loopCon
add t0, x0, x0 # i = 0
loopPrint:
lw t2, 0(s5) # t2 = b[i]
addi s5, s5, 4 # address move forward
add a0, t2, x0 # load result of array b
li a7, 1 # print integer
ecall
la a0, space # load string - space
li a7, 4 # print string
ecall
addi t0, t0, 1 # i++
blt t0, s3, loopPrint # if i < 3, go to loopPrint
add t0, x0, x0 # set i = 0
then:
lw t2, 0(s6) # t2 = temp[i]
addi s6, s6, 4 # address move forward
add a0, t2, x0 # load result of array temp
li a7 1 # print integer
ecall
la a0, space # load string - space
li a7, 4 # print string
ecall
addi t0, t0, 1 # i++
blt t0, s3, then # if i < 3, go then
exit:
li a7, 10 # end program
ecall
```
- Clock cycle
## Environment setup
- Follow [lab2]()'s instructions to install rv32emu and GNU Toolchain for RISC-V.
## Instructions
* Compile
```shell
$ riscv-none-elf-gcc -march=rv32i -mabi=ilp32 -compilation options(e.g., -Ofast, -Os, etc.) -o output input.c
```
* Objdump
```shell
$ riscv-none-elf-objdump -d output > output.txt
```
* Readelf
```shell
$ riscv-none-elf-readelf -h output
```
* Size
```shell
$ riscv-none-elf-size output
```
* Execute and Statistics of execution
```shell
$ build/rv32emu --stats .output
```
## Compare Assembly code
### -O0
#### Assembly Code
- main
``` clike=
00010254 <main>:
10254: fd010113 addi sp,sp,-48
10258: 02112623 sw ra,44(sp)
1025c: 02812423 sw s0,40(sp)
10260: 03010413 addi s0,sp,48
10264: 00100793 li a5,1
10268: fcf42e23 sw a5,-36(s0)
1026c: 00200793 li a5,2
10270: fef42023 sw a5,-32(s0)
10274: 00300793 li a5,3
10278: fef42223 sw a5,-28(s0)
1027c: fdc40793 addi a5,s0,-36
10280: 00300593 li a1,3
10284: 00078513 mv a0,a5
10288: efdff0ef jal ra,10184 <getConcatenation>
1028c: fea42423 sw a0,-24(s0)
10290: fe042623 sw zero,-20(s0)
10294: 0340006f j 102c8 <main+0x74>
10298: fec42783 lw a5,-20(s0)
1029c: 00279793 slli a5,a5,0x2
102a0: fe842703 lw a4,-24(s0)
102a4: 00f707b3 add a5,a4,a5
102a8: 0007a783 lw a5,0(a5)
102ac: 00078593 mv a1,a5
102b0: 000217b7 lui a5,0x21
102b4: 76878513 addi a0,a5,1896 # 21768 <__clzsi2+0x88>
102b8: 1fd000ef jal ra,10cb4 <printf>
102bc: fec42783 lw a5,-20(s0)
102c0: 00178793 addi a5,a5,1
102c4: fef42623 sw a5,-20(s0)
102c8: fec42703 lw a4,-20(s0)
102cc: 00500793 li a5,5
102d0: fce7d4e3 bge a5,a4,10298 <main+0x44>
102d4: 00000793 li a5,0
102d8: 00078513 mv a0,a5
102dc: 02c12083 lw ra,44(sp)
102e0: 02812403 lw s0,40(sp)
102e4: 03010113 addi sp,sp,48
102e8: 00008067 ret
```
- getConcatenation
```clike=
00010184 <getConcatenation>:
10184: fd010113 addi sp,sp,-48
10188: 02112623 sw ra,44(sp)
1018c: 02812423 sw s0,40(sp)
10190: 03010413 addi s0,sp,48
10194: fca42e23 sw a0,-36(s0)
10198: fcb42c23 sw a1,-40(s0)
1019c: fd842783 lw a5,-40(s0)
101a0: 00179793 slli a5,a5,0x1
101a4: fef42423 sw a5,-24(s0)
101a8: fd842783 lw a5,-40(s0)
101ac: 00379793 slli a5,a5,0x3
101b0: 00078513 mv a0,a5
101b4: 23c000ef jal ra,103f0 <malloc>
101b8: 00050793 mv a5,a0
101bc: fef42223 sw a5,-28(s0)
101c0: fe042623 sw zero,-20(s0)
101c4: fe042623 sw zero,-20(s0)
101c8: 0680006f j 10230 <getConcatenation+0xac>
101cc: fec42783 lw a5,-20(s0)
101d0: 00279793 slli a5,a5,0x2
101d4: fdc42703 lw a4,-36(s0)
101d8: 00f70733 add a4,a4,a5
101dc: fec42783 lw a5,-20(s0)
101e0: 00279793 slli a5,a5,0x2
101e4: fe442683 lw a3,-28(s0)
101e8: 00f687b3 add a5,a3,a5
101ec: 00072703 lw a4,0(a4)
101f0: 00e7a023 sw a4,0(a5)
101f4: fec42783 lw a5,-20(s0)
101f8: 00279793 slli a5,a5,0x2
101fc: fdc42703 lw a4,-36(s0)
10200: 00f70733 add a4,a4,a5
10204: fec42683 lw a3,-20(s0)
10208: fd842783 lw a5,-40(s0)
1020c: 00f687b3 add a5,a3,a5
10210: 00279793 slli a5,a5,0x2
10214: fe442683 lw a3,-28(s0)
10218: 00f687b3 add a5,a3,a5
1021c: 00072703 lw a4,0(a4)
10220: 00e7a023 sw a4,0(a5)
10224: fec42783 lw a5,-20(s0)
10228: 00178793 addi a5,a5,1
1022c: fef42623 sw a5,-20(s0)
10230: fec42703 lw a4,-20(s0)
10234: fd842783 lw a5,-40(s0)
10238: f8f74ae3 blt a4,a5,101cc <getConcatenation+0x48>
1023c: fe442783 lw a5,-28(s0)
10240: 00078513 mv a0,a5
10244: 02c12083 lw ra,44(sp)
10248: 02812403 lw s0,40(sp)
1024c: 03010113 addi sp,sp,48
10250: 00008067 ret
```
#### ELF file header:
```
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: EXEC (Executable file)
Machine: RISC-V
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x100dc
Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 95000 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x0
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 32 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 3
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 15
Section header string table index: 14
```
#### Size:
```
text data bss dec hex filename
74876 2816 812 78504 132a8 hw2_0
```
#### Execute and Statistics of execution
```
1 2 3 1 2 3 inferior exit code 0
CSR cycle count: 4514
```
### -O1
#### Assembly Code
- main
``` clike=
000101f0 <main>:
101f0: fe010113 addi sp,sp,-32
101f4: 00112e23 sw ra,28(sp)
101f8: 00812c23 sw s0,24(sp)
101fc: 00912a23 sw s1,20(sp)
10200: 01212823 sw s2,16(sp)
10204: 00100793 li a5,1
10208: 00f12223 sw a5,4(sp)
1020c: 00200793 li a5,2
10210: 00f12423 sw a5,8(sp)
10214: 00300793 li a5,3
10218: 00f12623 sw a5,12(sp)
1021c: 00300593 li a1,3
10220: 00410513 addi a0,sp,4
10224: f61ff0ef jal ra,10184 <getConcatenation>
10228: 00050413 mv s0,a0
1022c: 01850913 addi s2,a0,24
10230: 000214b7 lui s1,0x21
10234: 00042583 lw a1,0(s0)
10238: 6e048513 addi a0,s1,1760 # 216e0 <__clzsi2+0x88>
1023c: 1f1000ef jal ra,10c2c <printf>
10240: 00440413 addi s0,s0,4
10244: ff2418e3 bne s0,s2,10234 <main+0x44>
10248: 00000513 li a0,0
1024c: 01c12083 lw ra,28(sp)
10250: 01812403 lw s0,24(sp)
10254: 01412483 lw s1,20(sp)
10258: 01012903 lw s2,16(sp)
1025c: 02010113 addi sp,sp,32
10260: 00008067 ret
```
- getConcatenation
```clike=
00010184 <getConcatenation>:
10184: ff010113 addi sp,sp,-16
10188: 00112623 sw ra,12(sp)
1018c: 00812423 sw s0,8(sp)
10190: 00912223 sw s1,4(sp)
10194: 00050493 mv s1,a0
10198: 00058413 mv s0,a1
1019c: 00359513 slli a0,a1,0x3
101a0: 1c8000ef jal ra,10368 <malloc>
101a4: 02805c63 blez s0,101dc <getConcatenation+0x58>
101a8: 00048713 mv a4,s1
101ac: 00241693 slli a3,s0,0x2
101b0: 00d507b3 add a5,a0,a3
101b4: 00d48833 add a6,s1,a3
101b8: 40800633 neg a2,s0
101bc: 00261613 slli a2,a2,0x2
101c0: 00072683 lw a3,0(a4)
101c4: 00c785b3 add a1,a5,a2
101c8: 00d5a023 sw a3,0(a1)
101cc: 00d7a023 sw a3,0(a5)
101d0: 00470713 addi a4,a4,4
101d4: 00478793 addi a5,a5,4
101d8: ff0714e3 bne a4,a6,101c0 <getConcatenation+0x3c>
101dc: 00c12083 lw ra,12(sp)
101e0: 00812403 lw s0,8(sp)
101e4: 00412483 lw s1,4(sp)
101e8: 01010113 addi sp,sp,16
101ec: 00008067 ret
```
#### ELF file header:
```
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: EXEC (Executable file)
Machine: RISC-V
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x100dc
Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 95000 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x0
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 32 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 3
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 15
Section header string table index: 14
```
#### Size:
```
text data bss dec hex filename
74740 2816 812 78368 13220 hw2_1
```
#### Execute and Statistics of execution
```
1 2 3 1 2 3 inferior exit code 0
CSR cycle count: 4470
```
### -O2
#### Assembly Code
- main
``` clike=
000100c4 <main>:
100c4: fe010113 addi sp,sp,-32
100c8: 00100793 li a5,1
100cc: 00f12223 sw a5,4(sp)
100d0: 00200793 li a5,2
100d4: 00f12423 sw a5,8(sp)
100d8: 00300593 li a1,3
100dc: 00300793 li a5,3
100e0: 00410513 addi a0,sp,4
100e4: 00812c23 sw s0,24(sp)
100e8: 00912a23 sw s1,20(sp)
100ec: 01212823 sw s2,16(sp)
100f0: 00112e23 sw ra,28(sp)
100f4: 00f12623 sw a5,12(sp)
100f8: 100000ef jal ra,101f8 <getConcatenation>
100fc: 00050413 mv s0,a0
10100: 01850913 addi s2,a0,24
10104: 000214b7 lui s1,0x21
10108: 00042583 lw a1,0(s0)
1010c: 6e048513 addi a0,s1,1760 # 216e0 <__clzsi2+0x8c>
10110: 00440413 addi s0,s0,4
10114: 4b9000ef jal ra,10dcc <printf>
10118: ff2418e3 bne s0,s2,10108 <main+0x44>
1011c: 01c12083 lw ra,28(sp)
10120: 01812403 lw s0,24(sp)
10124: 01412483 lw s1,20(sp)
10128: 01012903 lw s2,16(sp)
1012c: 00000513 li a0,0
10130: 02010113 addi sp,sp,32
10134: 00008067 ret
```
- getConcatenation
```clike=
00101f8 <getConcatenation>:
101f8: ff010113 addi sp,sp,-16
101fc: 01212023 sw s2,0(sp)
10200: 00050913 mv s2,a0
10204: 00359513 slli a0,a1,0x3
10208: 00812423 sw s0,8(sp)
1020c: 00912223 sw s1,4(sp)
10210: 00112623 sw ra,12(sp)
10214: 00058413 mv s0,a1
10218: 14c000ef jal ra,10364 <malloc>
1021c: 00050493 mv s1,a0
10220: 02805263 blez s0,10244 <getConcatenation+0x4c>
10224: 00241413 slli s0,s0,0x2
10228: 00040613 mv a2,s0
1022c: 00090593 mv a1,s2
10230: 0cd000ef jal ra,10afc <memcpy>
10234: 00040613 mv a2,s0
10238: 00090593 mv a1,s2
1023c: 00848533 add a0,s1,s0
10240: 0bd000ef jal ra,10afc <memcpy>
10244: 00c12083 lw ra,12(sp)
10248: 00812403 lw s0,8(sp)
1024c: 00012903 lw s2,0(sp)
10250: 00048513 mv a0,s1
10254: 00412483 lw s1,4(sp)
10258: 01010113 addi sp,sp,16
1025c: 00008067 ret
```
#### ELF file header:
```
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: EXEC (Executable file)
Machine: RISC-V
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x10150
Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 95016 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x0
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 32 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 3
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 15
Section header string table index: 14
```
#### Size:
```
text data bss dec hex filename
74736 2816 812 78364 1321c hw2_2
```
#### Execute and Statistics of execution
```
1 2 3 1 2 3 inferior exit code 0
CSR cycle count: 4514
```
### -O3
#### Assembly Code
- main
``` clike=
000100c4 <main>:
100c4: fe010113 addi sp,sp,-32
100c8: 00100793 li a5,1
100cc: 00f12223 sw a5,4(sp)
100d0: 00200793 li a5,2
100d4: 00f12423 sw a5,8(sp)
100d8: 00300593 li a1,3
100dc: 00300793 li a5,3
100e0: 00410513 addi a0,sp,4
100e4: 00812c23 sw s0,24(sp)
100e8: 00912a23 sw s1,20(sp)
100ec: 01212823 sw s2,16(sp)
100f0: 00112e23 sw ra,28(sp)
100f4: 00f12623 sw a5,12(sp)
100f8: 100000ef jal ra,101f8 <getConcatenation>
100fc: 00050413 mv s0,a0
10100: 01850913 addi s2,a0,24
10104: 000214b7 lui s1,0x21
10108: 00042583 lw a1,0(s0)
1010c: 6e048513 addi a0,s1,1760 # 216e0 <__clzsi2+0x8c>
10110: 00440413 addi s0,s0,4
10114: 4b9000ef jal ra,10dcc <printf>
10118: ff2418e3 bne s0,s2,10108 <main+0x44>
1011c: 01c12083 lw ra,28(sp)
10120: 01812403 lw s0,24(sp)
10124: 01412483 lw s1,20(sp)
10128: 01012903 lw s2,16(sp)
1012c: 00000513 li a0,0
10130: 02010113 addi sp,sp,32
10134: 00008067 ret
```
- getConcatenation
```clike=
000101f8 <getConcatenation>:
101f8: ff010113 addi sp,sp,-16
101fc: 01212023 sw s2,0(sp)
10200: 00050913 mv s2,a0
10204: 00359513 slli a0,a1,0x3
10208: 00812423 sw s0,8(sp)
1020c: 00912223 sw s1,4(sp)
10210: 00112623 sw ra,12(sp)
10214: 00058413 mv s0,a1
10218: 14c000ef jal ra,10364 <malloc>
1021c: 00050493 mv s1,a0
10220: 02805263 blez s0,10244 <getConcatenation+0x4c>
10224: 00241413 slli s0,s0,0x2
10228: 00040613 mv a2,s0
1022c: 00090593 mv a1,s2
10230: 0cd000ef jal ra,10afc <memcpy>
10234: 00040613 mv a2,s0
10238: 00090593 mv a1,s2
1023c: 00848533 add a0,s1,s0
10240: 0bd000ef jal ra,10afc <memcpy>
10244: 00c12083 lw ra,12(sp)
10248: 00812403 lw s0,8(sp)
1024c: 00012903 lw s2,0(sp)
10250: 00048513 mv a0,s1
10254: 00412483 lw s1,4(sp)
10258: 01010113 addi sp,sp,16
1025c: 00008067 ret
```
#### ELF file header:
```
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: EXEC (Executable file)
Machine: RISC-V
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x10150
Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 95016 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x0
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 32 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 3
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 15
Section header string table index: 14
```
#### Size:
```
text data bss dec hex filename
74736 2816 812 78364 1321c hw2_3
```
#### Execute and Statistics of execution
```
1 2 3 1 2 3 inferior exit code 0
CSR cycle count: 4514
```
### -Ofast
#### Assembly Code
- main
``` clike=
00100c4 <main>:
100c4: fe010113 addi sp,sp,-32
100c8: 00100793 li a5,1
100cc: 00f12223 sw a5,4(sp)
100d0: 00200793 li a5,2
100d4: 00f12423 sw a5,8(sp)
1000d8: 00300593 li a1,3
100dc: 00300793 li a5,3
100e0: 00410513 addi a0,sp,4
100e4: 00812c23 sw s0,24(sp)
100e8: 00912a23 sw s1,20(sp)
100ec: 01212823 sw s2,16(sp)
100f0: 00112e23 sw ra,28(sp)
100f4: 00f12623 sw a5,12(sp)
100f8: 100000ef jal ra,101f8 <getConcatenation>
100fc: 00050413 mv s0,a0
10100: 01850913 addi s2,a0,24
10104: 000214b7 lui s1,0x21
10108: 00042583 lw a1,0(s0)
1010c: 6e048513 addi a0,s1,1760 # 216e0 <__clzsi2+0x8c>
10110: 00440413 addi s0,s0,4
10114: 4b9000ef jal ra,10dcc <printf>
10118: ff2418e3 bne s0,s2,10108 <main+0x44>
1011c: 01c12083 lw ra,28(sp)
10120: 01812403 lw s0,24(sp)
10124: 01412483 lw s1,20(sp)
10128: 01012903 lw s2,16(sp)
1012c: 00000513 li a0,0
10130: 02010113 addi sp,sp,32
10134: 00008067 ret
```
- getConcatenation
```clike=
000101f8 <getConcatenation>:
101f8: ff010113 addi sp,sp,-16
101fc: 01212023 sw s2,0(sp)
10200: 00050913 mv s2,a0
10204: 00359513 slli a0,a1,0x3
10208: 00812423 sw s0,8(sp)
1020c: 00912223 sw s1,4(sp)
10210: 00112623 sw ra,12(sp)
10214: 00058413 mv s0,a1
10218: 14c000ef jal ra,10364 <malloc>
1021c: 00050493 mv s1,a0
10220: 02805263 blez s0,10244 <getConcatenation+0x4c>
10224: 00241413 slli s0,s0,0x2
10228: 00040613 mv a2,s0
1022c: 00090593 mv a1,s2
10230: 0cd000ef jal ra,10afc <memcpy>
10234: 00040613 mv a2,s0
10238: 00090593 mv a1,s2
1023c: 00848533 add a0,s1,s0
10240: 0bd000ef jal ra,10afc <memcpy>
10244: 00c12083 lw ra,12(sp)
10248: 00812403 lw s0,8(sp)
1024c: 00012903 lw s2,0(sp)
10250: 00048513 mv a0,s1
10254: 00412483 lw s1,4(sp)
10258: 01010113 addi sp,sp,16
1025c: 00008067 ret
```
#### ELF file header:
```
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: EXEC (Executable file)
Machine: RISC-V
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x10150
Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 95016 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x0
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 32 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 3
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 15
Section header string table index: 14
```
#### Size:
```
text data bss dec hex filename
74736 2816 812 78364 1321c hw2_fast
```
#### Execute and Statistics of execution
```
1 2 3 1 2 3 inferior exit code 0
CSR cycle count: 4514
```
## Summary
| | O0 | O1 | O2 | O3 | Ofast |
| -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
| CSR cycle count | 4514 | 4470 | 4514 | 4514 | 4514 |
| Lines of Code: main | 39 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Lines of Code: searchInsert | 53 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27
| Lines of code: total | 92 | 58 | 57 | 57 | 57|
* Comparison (">" means better)
* CSR: O0 = Ofast = O3 = O2 = O1
* LOC total: O3 = O1 = Ofast > O1 > O0
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