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    ###### tags: `HPCAI` [TOC] # GROMACS ## Part II - Force Fields ### Thermodynamic Ensemble - Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)系綜 ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Statistical_Ensembles.png/800px-Statistical_Ensembles.png) - 一定條件下一個體系的大量可能狀態的集合 - 系綜是系統狀態的一個機率分布 - 常見的系綜有: - 微正則系綜(microcanonical ensemble/NVE ensemble): - 每個體系具同的能量(通常粒子數和體積也相同) - 最不代表生物條件 - 正則系綜 (canonical ensemble/NVT ensemble): - 可以和外界環境交換能量(粒子數和體積仍然固定相同),但系綜內各體系有相同的溫度 - 巨正則系綜(grand canonical ensemble/μVT ensemble): - 正則系綜的推廣,各體系可以和外界環境交換能量和粒子,但系綜內各個體系有相同的溫度和化學勢 - Commonly used - 等溫等壓系綜(isothermal-isobaric ensemble): - 正則系綜的推廣,各體系可以和外界環境交換能量和體積,但系綜內各個體系有相同的溫度和壓力 - 最代表生物條件 - 凝聚相系統(condensed phase systems)有低壓縮性,因此體積變化不明顯和 NVT 很相似 ### Thermostats ![](https://i.imgur.com/Cn8o4pF.png =400x300) - 維持一樣溫度 #### Berendsen Thermostat ![](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1b0852fa10b9bc1a53a4615dcbdf825a4b09752d) - 重新調整所有原子的速度,將系統驅動到特定的目標溫度 - 確保了溫度與時間常數的(指數)收斂 - 這種恆溫器會產生不正確的速度分佈,因此在正確的能量波動很重要的所有情況下都應該避免 - 主要用於遠離平衡的系統,例如在模擬的初始準備和平衡階段 #### Expanded ensemble thermostats - Velocity rescaling - Nose-Hoover coupling - Langevin coupling - [Reference](https://www2.mpip-mainz.mpg.de/~andrienk/journal_club/thermostats.pdf) - [Reference](https://www.scm.com/doc/AMS/Tasks/Molecular_Dynamics.html) ### Barostats - is a device used to maintain constant pressure in a closed chamber. #### Berendsen Barostat - 就像使用Berendsen Thermostat來控制系統的溫度一樣,可以通過調節體積來保持壓力恆定 - 這個恆壓器沒有任何守恆量 - Use in equilibration #### Isotropic vs Anisotropic coupling - 各向同性(isotropy),或作等向性、均向性,是指物體的物理、化學性質不因方向而有所變化的特性,即在不同方向所測得的性能數值是相同的 - 各向異性(anisotropic)與各向同性相反,指物體的全部或部分物理、化學等性質隨方向的不同而有所變化的特性 ### Periodic boundary conditions ![](https://i.imgur.com/veI2Oio.png) - 目的: 1. 若一個粒子從右邊邊界穿出,操作上左邊邊界對應位置有相同粒子進入,由此保證了元胞中粒子數目即物理量如動量與能量的守恆 2. 計算原子間作用力的時候採取最近鏡像方法,這樣模型中處於邊界處的原子受力就比較全面,從而消除了邊界效應 - 在2D中,一個方形元胞四周有相同的元胞(稱為"鏡像") - 不影響體系的動量守恆與能量守恆,但是角動量不再守恆 ### Time Step - Integration time step is crucial to performance - Large time steps are desirable - Lightest particles and steepest potentials limit time step - Bonds to hydrogen - Angles involving hydrogen - Constraints can be used to allow longer time steps ![](https://i.imgur.com/HJtOUq6.png) :::info **Time Step 時間步長、時步** - 前後兩個時間點之間的差值 - 其絕對值越大,計算時間越少;其絕對值越小,計算時間越長,模擬就越精細,過程越複雜。 ::: ### Time Scales in MD ![](https://i.imgur.com/SCmtAEt.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/05AZDMQ.png) ### What do we have to work with? - Initial conditions - 起始位置通常來自實驗確定的結構(cryo-EM, X-ray crystallography, NMR) - 質子化狀態通常是固定的,需在模擬前先確認 - 初始速度隨機, 根據 [Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6-%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83) :::info - **cryo-EM:** 低溫電子顯微鏡、冷凍電子顯微鏡 - **X-ray crystallography:** X射線晶體學是一門利用X射線來研究晶體中原子排列的學科 - **NMR:** 核磁共振 - **Protonation:** 質子化是原子、分子或離子獲得質子的過程 - **馬克士威-波茲曼分布:** 一定溫度下微觀粒子運動速度的機率分布, ::: - 平衡 - 通常在模擬前需要添加溶劑和離子 - 這往往會留下需要去除的空隙 - 使用的結構往往是晶體結構,需要鬆弛到它們的溶液平衡 ![](https://www.creative-proteomics.com/images/Molecular-Dynamics-Simulation-Service.jpg =300x300) --- ## Part III - What can be optimized? ### Constraints - 如果我們限制需要最快時間步長的運動,我們可以使用更大的時間步長 - 通常與氫的鍵合受到限制(低質量,陡峭的電位) - 需要在每個時間步之後應用約束來更新受約束原子的位置 [![](https://manual.gromacs.org/documentation/2019.6/_images/lincs.png)](https://manual.gromacs.org/documentation/2019.6/reference-manual/algorithms/constraint-algorithms.html) ### Coarse Graining - 粗粒度模型 - 使用其粗粒度(簡化)表示來模擬複雜系統的行為 - 將多個原子組合在一起作為一個單一的相互作用點通常可以保持系統的大規模動力學 - 複合交互站點更龐大 - 粒子數減少 - 潛力更順暢 - 更長的時間步是可能的 - 缺點:特定相互作用的分辨率損失(例如在藥物設計中很重要) [![](https://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/cgfolding/Models.jpg)](https://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/cgfolding/) ### Implicit Solvation - 優點:降低計算成本 - 常用於估計自由能 - 溶劑使用可極化連續介質模型建模 - 大大減少粒子數 - 缺點:通常特定的溶劑相互作用對於生物分子的穩定性和/或配體和底物的結合很重要 :::info - **Polarizable continuum model極化連續介質模型:** 如果有必要將每個溶劑分子視為一個單獨的分子,那麼模擬溶劑介導的化學反應的計算成本就會非常高;將溶劑建模為可極化的連續體,而不是單個分子 - **自由能:** 熱力學自由能是指一個熱力學系統的能量中可以用來對外做功的部分,是熱力學態函數。 ::: ![](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276361489/figure/fig7/AS:341859156152322@1458516982654/An-illustration-of-the-three-solvent-regimes-that-are-considered-for-the-solvation-of.png =200x400) ### Hybrid-scale simulations - 可以粗粒度或部分粗粒度的方式模擬溶劑 - 通常不關心溶劑-溶劑相互作用 - 缺點 - 邊界層效果 - 熱力學混合和分配效應 - 可能改變粒子數量 ![](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rudolf-Podgornik/publication/322323732/figure/fig2/AS:580722269798405@1515466386789/Schematic-depiction-of-a-simulation-box-with-an-atomistic-DNA-in-the-center-surrounded-by.png =350x300) :::info - AT 原子區 - HY 混合區 - CG 粗粒區 ::: - [Reference](https://www.lehigh.edu/imi/teched/AtModel/Lecture_4_Micoulaut_Atomistics_Glass_Course.pdf)

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