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--- type: slide --- # 網路概論 *郭偉宏 Jason_Kuo* --- 要建立一套「電腦網路」是一個大工程。 需要哪些材料?位元的編碼方式?資料如何分段、標記? --- ## 協定(Protocol) --- 由於要銜沙填海,網路協定基本是百家爭鳴: * 加密網頁最常用的"身分證"[SSL/TLS (httpS)](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6101) * 傳輸檔案用的[ftp](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc959) * 網頁![http (HTML)](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616) * 埠號[TCP (ports)](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9293) * 另一種埠號[UDP (ports)](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc768) * 電腦位址[IP (... IP。)](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc791) * 測試指令集[ICMP (ping、tracert...)](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc792) * [ARP (MAC <-> IP)](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc826) * IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet,包含MAC) --- 可見,單個協定規範的範籌非常小。\ 只靠一兩個協定顯然不足以建構一個多元、便利的通訊網路。\ 因此,也出現了許多方法能將協定分類,便於整理目前需要的協定為何。 --- 目前最常用的分類方式有2 (3) 種: OSI 7層 與 IPS 4層 / 5層 ![OSI-and-TCP/IP-model](https://ipcisco.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/tcpip-model.jpg) ##### (圖片來源:ipcisco.com) 在上圖三個模型當中,最貼近使用者的(越上面),層數最大; 最接近電腦硬體的(越下面),層數最小。 --- 如圖所示,TCP/IP的基本就是把上面3層合稱應用層,其中4層結構把下面2層合稱為連結層。 OSI雖然分得比較細膩,然而在管理上只是徒增複雜度;只分4層的話,硬體與韌體又切分不徹底\ 因此電腦網路實作時更多討論IPS (TCP/IP) 5層架構。 --- ## L1-實體層(Physical layer) ```yaml -知名協定:IEEE 802.3 乙太網路(Ethernet) -常見機台:集線器 (Hub) -傳輸資訊:位元 (bit) ``` --- 例如網路線的2種順序就是802.3上寫的: ![RJ45 T568 A & B diagram](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/R7K5AW/rj45-crossover-pin-assignment-in-t568a-and-t568b-connections-types-infographic-scheme-R7K5AW.jpg =65%x) --- (萬一不是這倆,那代表這條網路線目前沒辦法跑到最高速度&這條網路線原本不能用了,是有人弄的補救措施~~或他純粹想搞你:D~~ ) --- ## L2-資料連結層(Data-link layer) ```yaml -知名協定:IEEE 802.3 乙太網路(Ethernet) & RFC 826 位址解析協定(ARP,Address Resolution Protocol) -常見機台:交換器 (Switch) -傳輸資訊:幀 (frame) ``` --- ### MAC位址 共48位元,通常以 6組 2位元 16進位數字表示 例如 FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF(廣播用) ![mac-addr](https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/mac.jpg) (當然,這些表示法也是802.3指定的) --- ### ARP MAC位址(L2) 與 IP位址(L3) 的轉換協定 L2跟L3各自有獨立的位址... y tho ? --- MAC Address直接與「廠商」、「網卡」關聯 \>\> 沒特別追蹤的前提,編號等於「完全隨機洗牌」 *想像一下,能紀錄全球上億台電腦位址的機器,它的神奇價碼 :D* --- ## L3-網路層(Network layer) ```yaml -知名協定:RFC 791 網際網路通訊協定第四版(IPv4,Internet Protocol version 4) -常見機台:路由器 (Router) -傳輸資訊:封包 (packet) ``` ![meme-ip](https://cdn-img-a.facciabuco.com/24/u8dffctx2z-i-hacked-127-0-0-1-solo-per-nerd_b.jpg =30%x) --- #### IPv4位址格式:4組以.分隔的 8bit (0~255) 十進位數 ![ip-addr-format](https://www.cloudns.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/IPv4-Address-Format.png =80%x) --- ### 保留IP位址 * 127.x.x.x/8 (loopback) * 192.168.x.x/16 (private) * 172.17.x.x/16 (private) * 10.0.x.x/16 (private) * 0.x.x.x/8 (self) --- ### 子網路遮罩 ![16bitMaskExample](https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTzKDK5kUqzPOy9oUjkyskoPHOu3IlYOCKLHjfsVn9I48TcenLlMGAqTeesktWf-oU-GQ&usqp=CAU =200%x) ##### (圖片來源:https://www.javatpoint.com) --- 為了更方便管理,IP位址分成網路跟主機位址 大範圍尋址時(基本上,路由器之間)都使用網路位址;小範圍則使用主機位址 如此一來,紀錄可以節省不少空間、尋址也會快速許多 子網路遮罩則是**告訴電腦位址界線的方式** --- ### 子網遮罩格式 1. 與IPv4格式相同,可以用4組以.分隔的0~255表示 2. 直接在位址後面用 /位元 表示起始端為1的連續位元數量 --- #### 還沒有子網的時代--Classful IP Addressing: [GeeksForGeeks](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-classful-ip-addressing/) [維基百科](https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C) --- #### 更新後的IP位址--IPv6 [iThome](https://www.ithome.com.tw/tech/92046) [Microsoft Learn](https://learn.microsoft.com/zh-tw/dotnet/fundamentals/networking/ipv6-overview) -----/////////////////////////////---- #### v4與v6怎麼互相通訊? [iThome](https://www.ithome.com.tw/tech/92048) [維基百科](https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/IPv6%E8%BF%87%E6%B8%A1%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6) --- ## L4-傳輸層(Transport layer) ```yaml -知名協定:RFC 9293 傳輸控制協定(TCP,Transmission Control Protocol) -機台:硬體式防火牆 (Hardware Firewall) //不常見但存在.A. -傳輸資訊:段(segment) ``` --- 網頁用的:8080或:80、麥塊用的:25565或:19132都是通訊埠號碼(port number)的一例 其中0~1024是讓各種其他協定使用的保留號 而1025~49151是可以到IANA(網際網路號碼分配局)註冊的 剩下的49152~65535是動態分配用的保留號 --- ## L7-應用層(Application layer) ```yaml -知名協定:RFC 2616 超文本傳輸協定(HTTP,HyperText Transfer Protocol) & RFC 6101 安全通訊協定/傳輸層安全協定(SSL/TLS,Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Scurity) -傳輸資訊:資料(data) ``` --- ## Quick Review L1:外修時要背順序 L2:開學時要登記 ~~(我們也知道很奇怪:D)~~,接單時也要檢查 L3:外修時要幫人家檢查 L4:架服務時不小心就會設定到 L7:就是要設定的東西,其作用體現為服務 --- ## 網路協定 (internet protocol) 為了讓網路上的各個設備有個「共通設定/校準方案」而訂定出來的標準 --- ## 但是,是設定什麼東西呢? ##### ~~電腦,當然 :D~~ --- ## 電腦(Computer) 一切電腦網路規定的意義所在,網絡中的節點 在其上可以運行: * 服務(Service):為使用者提供的事務 * 伺服器(Server):對「提供服務者」的稱呼 * 環境(Environment):對負責設定用的相關元件之統稱 * 作業系統(Operating System):讓軟體伺服器運行的必要環境 * 族繁不及備載... --- # 課程結束 [:3](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1BneeJTDcU)

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