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    --- tags: Calculus, 2022-Fall-CalculusI --- {%hackmd theme-dark %} # 極限的精確定義 ###### tags: `Calculus` `2022-Fall-CalculusI` [toc] ## 前言: 不知道各位有沒有看過這個迷因w ![](https://i.imgur.com/C6RdYiG.jpg) 這大概會是各位在一段(微甲或是高微)後的形狀,對於這個極限的定義滾瓜爛熟,~~甚至嘲笑這個說法w~~ 那,我們再來複習一次吧。 :::warning :bulb: **Def 2.4.2:** $$\lim_{x \to a}f(x)=L\\ \Updownarrow\\ \forall \ \varepsilon > 0, \exists \ \delta > 0, s.t. \text{“ if }0<\mid x- a\mid< \delta \text{,then }\mid f(x)- L\mid <\varepsilon"$$ ::: ## 如何寫證明? 基本上這個定義我們會分成幾個步驟來面對這樣的題目: 1. 猜極限 (通常微甲中題目會給)。 2. 寫草稿 從 | f(x)-L | 一路寫到 < ε ,途中要利用到 | x-a | < δ。 3. 根據剛剛的論述,好好寫一次論述。 ```mermaid graph LR 猜極限 -- 各種手段 --> 連接函數值 --> 完成論述 ``` 這邊可以提供幾個實際的例子作為參考 ### Example 1 (px+q) :::success Show that $$\displaystyle\lim_{x\to 2}x+3=5$$ ::: 首先,我們已經知道了目標L是5,所以第一步已經結束了。 接下來我們手上(?)要拿著名為 0 < | x-2 | < δ 的地圖前往目的地。 而此時我們的地圖上有一個洞 --- --- δ 在此時還是個未知數, 需要仰賴接下來的臨機應變找出他是誰。 所以我們下一步就是去觀察,用鉛筆在旁邊寫草稿 :::info (草稿) $$|(x+3)-5| = |x-2|$$(剛好就是手上的地圖) ::: 所以我們就可以直接猜 δ 就是 ε 了: :::danger (正式寫在考卷上的) $$\texttt{Given} \ \varepsilon > 0, \texttt{take} \ \delta = \varepsilon, \texttt{then we have}\\ |f(x)-5| = |(x+3)-5| = |x-2| < \delta = \varepsilon \ _\blacksquare $$ ::: 這個例題也可以推廣到所有f(x)是px+q形式的。 但是高次方的多項式,怎麼辦? ### Example 2 (polynomial with deg(f(x))>1) :::success Show that $$\displaystyle\lim_{x\to -1}x^2+3=4$$ ::: 這次我們一樣知道了目標L是4,第一步速速結束。 接下來我們手上拿 0 < |x+1| < δ 前往目的地。 δ 還是個未知數,需要進一步觀察 :::info (草稿) $$|(x^2+3)-4| = |x^2-1|$$ ::: 咿喔,不是手中的地圖了。 但是我發現他可以換個說法。 :::info (草稿) $$|(x^2+3)-4| = |x^2-1|=|(x-1)(x+1)|=|x+1||(x+1)-2|$$ ::: 看起來跟地圖有點像了,這時我們可以開始動一點手腳 在腦海裡我們可以偷偷的把所有的小於都換成等於。 也就是把 |x+1| 想像成 δ,然後 |x+1-2| 改成 δ-2 所以會變成這樣 :::info (草稿) $$ |x+1||(x+1)-2| = \delta (\delta-2) = \varepsilon \\ \varepsilon = \delta (\delta - 2) = \delta^2-2\delta +1-1 =(\delta-1)^2-1\\ \delta=\sqrt{\varepsilon +1}+1 $$ ::: 終於,我們找到了遺失已久的缺口。 那麼,開始填答案吧! :::danger (正式寫在考卷上的) $$\text{Given} \ \varepsilon > 0, \text{take} \ \delta = \sqrt{\varepsilon +1}+1, \text{then we have}\\ |(x^2+3)-4| = |x^2-1|=|(x-1)(x+1)|=|x+1||(x+1)-2|\\ < \delta (\delta-2) = \varepsilon \ _\blacksquare $$ ::: 下一次我們再來聊聊根號版本的以及比較特別的函數該怎麼處理吧~

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