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    --- title: P7 Python - Percabangan (if & if-else) --- ![P7 - If-else](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1l83rh3bx.png) ### Apa itu Percabangan? **Percabangan :** adalah struktur program yang memungkinkan program untuk **mengambil keputusan** — menjalankan blok kode tertentu hanya jika kondisi yang ditetapkan terpenuhi. ![Group 9](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1NyWUn2Wg.png) Bayangkan seperti persimpangan jalan : * Ada **kondisi** yang dicek → seperti rambu di persimpangan * Jika kondisi **terpenuhi (True)** → ambil jalur kanan (Bekasi ✓) * Jika kondisi **tidak terpenuhi (False)** → ambil jalur kiri (Jakarta ✗) Tanpa percabangan : * Program berjalan lurus dari atas ke bawah tanpa bisa memilih * Tidak bisa membuat program yang responsif terhadap input pengguna * Tidak bisa membuat logika seperti "jika nilai >= 75, maka lulus" --- ### Nilai Boolean — Dasar dari Percabangan Sebelum memahami percabangan, perlu dikenal dulu satu tipe data penting : :::success **Boolean** adalah tipe data yang hanya memiliki dua kemungkinan nilai : * `True` → benar / kondisi terpenuhi * `False` → salah / kondisi tidak terpenuhi ::: Percabangan bekerja dengan cara mengecek apakah sebuah kondisi bernilai `True` atau `False`. Kondisi dibentuk menggunakan **operator perbandingan** : | Operator | Arti | Contoh | Hasil | | -------- | ---- | ------ | ----- | | `==` | Sama dengan | `5 == 5` | `True` | | `!=` | Tidak sama dengan | `5 != 3` | `True` | | `>` | Lebih besar | `7 > 3` | `True` | | `<` | Lebih kecil | `2 < 1` | `False` | | `>=` | Lebih besar atau sama dengan | `5 >= 5` | `True` | | `<=` | Lebih kecil atau sama dengan | `3 <= 2` | `False` | :::warning **⚠️ Jangan tertukar!** * `=` → digunakan untuk **menyimpan nilai** ke variabel (assignment) * `==` → digunakan untuk **membandingkan** dua nilai (perbandingan) ```python nilai = 80 # menyimpan angka 80 ke variabel nilai nilai == 80 # mengecek apakah nilai sama dengan 80 → True ``` ::: --- ### Struktur if — Jika ... Maka ... Bentuk paling dasar dari percabangan adalah `if`. **Bentuk Dasar :** ``` if kondisi : # blok kode yang dijalankan jika kondisi True ``` Contoh : ```python nilai = 80 if nilai >= 75 : print("Selamat, kamu lulus!") ``` [<kbd>👉🏻 Klik untuk mempraktekkan>></kbd>](https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/online-compiler/) Penjelasan : * `nilai >= 75` → kondisi yang dicek * Jika kondisi bernilai `True` → `print("Selamat, kamu lulus!")` dijalankan * Jika kondisi bernilai `False` → tidak ada yang terjadi, program lanjut ke baris berikutnya :::info 📌 **Perhatikan dua hal penting dalam penulisan `if` :** 1. Setelah kondisi wajib diakhiri tanda titik dua ` : ` 2. Blok kode di dalam `if` wajib ditulis menjorok ke dalam (**indentasi**) — biasanya 4 spasi atau 1 Tab ::: --- ### Indentasi — Aturan Wajib di Python :::success **Indentasi** adalah jarak menjorok ke dalam yang menandakan sebuah blok kode berada **di dalam** struktur tertentu (if, else, fungsi, dan lain-lain). ::: ```python # ✅ Benar — ada indentasi nilai = 80 if nilai >= 75 : print("Lulus") # ← menjorok ke dalam (bagian dari if) print("Program selesai") # ← tidak menjorok (di luar if, selalu dijalankan) ``` [<kbd>👉🏻 Klik untuk mempraktekkan>></kbd>](https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/online-compiler/) ```python # ❌ Salah — tidak ada indentasi nilai = 80 if nilai >= 75 : print("Lulus") # IndentationError! ``` [<kbd>👉🏻 Klik untuk mempraktekkan>></kbd>](https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/online-compiler/) :::warning **⚠️ Python sangat ketat soal indentasi!** Berbeda dengan bahasa pemrograman lain yang menggunakan `{ }`, Python menggunakan indentasi sebagai penanda blok kode. Lupa indentasi = **error**. ::: --- ### Struktur if-else — Jika ... Maka ... Jika Tidak ... Struktur `if-else` digunakan ketika program perlu melakukan sesuatu **baik saat kondisi terpenuhi maupun tidak**. **Bentuk Dasar :** ``` if kondisi : # dijalankan jika kondisi True else : # dijalankan jika kondisi False ``` Contoh : ```python nilai = 60 if nilai >= 75 : print("Selamat, kamu lulus!") else : print("Maaf, kamu belum lulus.") ``` [<kbd>👉🏻 Klik untuk mempraktekkan>></kbd>](https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/online-compiler/) Penjelasan : * Jika `nilai >= 75` → `True` : program mencetak `"Selamat, kamu lulus!"` * Jika `nilai >= 75` → `False` : program mencetak `"Maaf, kamu belum lulus."` * Salah satu **pasti** akan dijalankan — tidak ada kemungkinan keduanya dilewati :::info 📌 **Perbedaan `if` dan `if-else` :** * `if` → hanya punya satu jalur (jalur "ya"). Jika tidak memenuhi, dilewati begitu saja. * `if-else` → punya dua jalur (jalur "ya" dan jalur "tidak"). Selalu ada yang dijalankan. ::: --- ### Perbedaan if dan if-else secara Visual | Aspek | `if` | `if-else` | | ----- | ---- | --------- | | Jalur keputusan | 1 jalur (jika True saja) | 2 jalur (True dan False) | | Jika kondisi False | Blok kode dilewati | Blok `else` dijalankan | | Kapan digunakan | Hanya perlu aksi saat kondisi terpenuhi | Selalu butuh respons apapun kondisinya | | Contoh kasus | Menampilkan pesan jika stok habis | Menentukan lulus / tidak lulus | --- ### Menggabungkan if-else dengan Input Pengguna Percabangan menjadi jauh lebih berguna ketika dikombinasikan dengan `input()` karena keputusan program bisa bergantung pada data yang dimasukkan pengguna. ```python # Input umur = int(input("Masukkan umur kamu : ")) # Proses + Percabangan if umur >= 17 : print("Kamu boleh membuat KTP.") else : print("Kamu belum cukup umur untuk membuat KTP.") ``` [<kbd>👉🏻 Klik untuk mempraktekkan>></kbd>](https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/online-compiler/) :::info 📌 **Ingat dari materi sebelumnya :** Hasil `input()` selalu berupa `str`, jadi wajib di-casting ke `int` atau `float` sebelum dibandingkan dengan angka. ::: --- ### Alur Logika : Input → Proses (Percabangan) → Output ![Logika if & if-else](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hy5NcLnh-l.png) Berikut contoh program lengkap yang menggunakan percabangan `if-else` untuk mengecek apakah sebuah angka genap atau ganjil : ```python # Input angka = int(input("Masukkan sebuah angka : ")) # Proses — menggunakan modulo dari materi sebelumnya if angka % 2 == 0 : hasil = "Genap" else : hasil = "Ganjil" # Output print(angka, "adalah bilangan", hasil) ``` [<kbd>👉🏻 Klik untuk mempraktekkan>></kbd>](https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/online-compiler/) Strukturnya tetap sama : * **Input** → ambil data dari pengguna (casting ke int) * **Proses** → cek kondisi dengan percabangan `if-else` * **Output** → tampilkan hasil keputusan --- ### Mini Project — Penentu Kelulusan Siswa Implementasi `if-else` dalam program nyata yang menggabungkan materi operator aritmatika dan percabangan : ```python # Input data nilai siswa print("=== CEK KELULUSAN SISWA ===") nama = input("Nama siswa : ") tugas = float(input("Nilai tugas (30%): ")) uts = float(input("Nilai UTS (30%): ")) uas = float(input("Nilai UAS (40%): ")) # Proses — hitung nilai akhir (operator aritmatika) nilai_akhir = (tugas * 0.3) + (uts * 0.3) + (uas * 0.4) # Proses — tentukan status kelulusan (percabangan) if nilai_akhir >= 75 : status = "LULUS ✓" else : status = "BELUM LULUS ✗" # Output print("===========================") print("Nama :", nama) print("Nilai Akhir :", nilai_akhir) print("Status :", status) print("===========================") ``` [<kbd>👉🏻 Klik untuk mempraktekkan>></kbd>](https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/online-compiler/) --- ### Ringkasan | Topik | Poin Penting | | ----- | ------------ | | Percabangan | Struktur untuk membuat keputusan dalam program | | Boolean | Tipe data hasil kondisi : `True` atau `False` | | Operator perbandingan | `==` `!=` `>` `<` `>=` `<=` | | `=` vs `==` | `=` menyimpan nilai, `==` membandingkan nilai | | Indentasi | Wajib ada — 4 spasi atau 1 Tab setelah `if` / `else` | | `if` | Satu jalur — hanya dijalankan jika kondisi `True` | | `if-else` | Dua jalur — selalu ada yang dijalankan | | Kombinasi dengan input | Wajib casting sebelum membandingkan dengan angka |

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