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--- tags: vuex --- # Vuex 코어 개념 : Mutations, Actions ## 🍊 Mutations **vuex에서 state를 변화시키는 유일한 방법은 mutation을 통해서다.** vuex mutation은 이벤트와 비슷한데, Mutation은 `type`, `handler`를 갖는다. **handler 함수**가 state에 변화를 일으키고, 이 핸들러 함수를 호출시키는 것 **store.commit(type)** 이다. 핸들러 함수는 첫 번째 인자로 state를 받는다. ```javascript const store = new Vuex.Store({ state: { count: 1 }, mutations: { increment (state) { // mutate state state.count++ } } }) ``` 그리고 이 핸들러 함수를 호출하는 건 ```javascript store.commit('increment') ``` - commit에 payload를 같이 넘기기 store.commit을 할 때, **payload**라고 불리는 인자를 전달할 수 있다. <u>주로 payload는 **객체**로 전달하여 그 의미를 잘 알 수 있도록 한다.</u> ```javascript // ... mutations: { increment (state, payload) { state.count += payload.amount } } ``` ```javascript store.commit('increment', { amount: 10 }) ``` - 객체 스타일의 commit type 프로퍼티를 추가하여 객체를 인자로 넣어 handler를 호출하는 방식도 있다. 이 때, handler 쪽은 변경하지 않아도 된다. ```javascript store.commit({ type: 'increment', amount: 10 }) ``` ```javascript mutations: { increment (state, payload) { state.count += payload.amount } } ``` - **뷰의 반응형 규칙을 따르는 Mutation** vuex store의 state는 반응적이도록 설계되었다. 따라서, state가 변경이 되면 해당 state를 Observing하는 컴포넌트는 자동으로 업데이트된다. 따라서, <u>mutaion을 쓸 때는 다음을 지켜줘야 한다.</u> 1. **store의 초기 상태는 앞으로 쓰일 모든 상태를 써주는 것**이 좋다. 2. 만약 객체에 새로운 프로퍼티를 추가하고자 한다면, - `Vue.set(obj, 'newProp', 123)` 처럼 하는 방법과 - **새로운 객체로 대체시키는 방법**이 있다. 이는 spread를 사용하면 간단하게 된다. ```javascript state.obj = { ...state.obj, newProp: 123 } ``` - mutation type에 상수를 사용하기 다른 파일에 mutation의 type을 상수로 적어 export하고, store에서 import하는 방식으로 하기도 한다. 이는 linter 기능 사용, 자동완성 등 여러 이점을 준다. ```javascript // store.js import Vuex from 'vuex' import { SOME_MUTATION } from './mutation-types' const store = new Vuex.Store({ state: { ... }, mutations: { // we can use the ES2015 computed property name feature // to use a constant as the function name [SOME_MUTATION] (state) { // mutate state } } }) ``` - mutaion은 반드시 동기적(Synchronous) 중요한 포인트는 📌 **mutation 핸들러 함수는 반드시 동기적**이어야 한다는 것이다. ```javascript mutations: { someMutation (state) { api.callAsyncMethod(() => { state.count++ }) } } ``` 위 예제의 문제점은 devtool이 commit이 된 시점에 callback이 실행 되었는지 아닌지를 알 방법이 없다는 것이다. 이렇게 되면, callback에서 state를 변화시켜도 추적할 수 없다는 문제가 있다. - `mapMutations` 컴포넌트에서 mutation 시키기 `mapMutations` store의 Mutation을 method로 자동으로 변화시켜준다. type을 그대로 사용하려면 `mapMutations`에 스트링 배열을 넘기고, 이름을 바꿔 사용하려면 객체를 넘기면 된다. ```javascript import { mapMutations } from 'vuex' export default { // ... methods: { ...mapMutations([ 'increment', // map `this.increment()` to `this.$store.commit('increment')` // `mapMutations` also supports payloads: 'incrementBy' // map `this.incrementBy(amount)` to `this.$store.commit('incrementBy', amount)` ]), ...mapMutations({ add: 'increment' // map `this.add()` to `this.$store.commit('increment')` }) } } ``` - 나의 예제 ```javascript /* eslint-disable no-param-reassign */ import Vue from 'vue'; import Vuex from 'vuex'; Vue.use(Vuex); const ADD_COUNT = 'ADD_COUNT'; const store = new Vuex.Store({ state: { count: 100 }, mutations: { [ADD_COUNT](state, payload) { state.count += payload.num; } } }); export default store; ``` ```htmlembedded <template> <header id="header"> <button @click="addToCount({ num: 10 })">click here</button> store : {{ storeCount }} </header> </template> <script> import { mapState, mapGetters, mapMutations } from 'vuex'; export default { computed: { ...mapState({ storeCount: 'count', // string으로 넘기면, state => state.count와 같다. }), }, methods: { ...mapMutations({ addToCount: 'ADD_COUNT' }) } }; </script> ``` ## 🍊 Actions mutation은 반드시 동기적인 transaction이어야 하는데, 그럼 비동기 operation은 어떻게 할까? 바로 Action! Action은 다음과 같은 특징을 갖는다. 1. mutation을 커밋한다. (mutation은 상태를 변화시킨다.) 2. action 안에서 비동기 처리를 할 수 있다. 액션 핸들러는 `context`객체라는 것을 받는다. 이 context 객체는 **store instance에서 쓰이는 메소드와 프로퍼티의 set과 동일**한 것이다. 따라서, `store.commit`을 하여 mutation을 시켰던 것처럼, 액션 안에서 `context.commit`을 하여 mutation을 커밋할 수 있다. **스토어에 있는 State나 getter에 접근하려면 `context.state`, `context.getters`로 접근**할 수 있다. **다른 액션을 `context.dispatch`로 호출**할 수도 있다. 정리하자면, 액션은 `context` 객체를 인자로 받으며, 액션안에서... - state 접근 : `context.state` - getters 접근 : `context.getters` - mutation commit : `context.commit` - 다른 액션 호출 : `context.dispatch` - 비구조화로 commit을 바로 가져와서 쓰기 context.commit을 반복해서 쓰지 않아도 된다. ```javascript actions: { increment ({ commit }) { commit('increment') } } ``` - Dispatching Actions 액션은 `store.dispatch` 메소드로 호출된다. ```javascript store.dispatch('increment'); ``` Payload를 같이 넘길 수 있는데, 이 때 payload는 객체이다. ```javascript // dispatch with a payload store.dispatch('incrementAsync', { amount: 10 }) // dispatch with an object store.dispatch({ type: 'incrementAsync', amount: 10 }) ``` 비동기API를 사용하고, 여러 mutation을 커밋하는 예제를 살펴보면, ```javascript actions: { checkout ({ commit, state }, products) { // save the items currently in the cart const savedCartItems = [...state.cart.added] // send out checkout request, and optimistically // clear the cart commit(types.CHECKOUT_REQUEST) // the shop API accepts a success callback and a failure callback shop.buyProducts( products, // handle success () => commit(types.CHECKOUT_SUCCESS), // handle failure () => commit(types.CHECKOUT_FAILURE, savedCartItems) ) } } ``` - 컴포넌트에서 Action dispatch하기 : `mapActions` 컴포넌트 내에서 액션을 dispatch하기 위해서는 다음과 같이 호출해야 한다. ```javascript this.$store.dispatch('xxx') ``` 근데 또 이게 귀찮으니까, `mapActions`라는 헬퍼를 사용한다. 이 헬퍼는 컴포넌트 메소드와 `store.dispatch` 를 매핑시켜준다. 아래 예제에서 this.increment()를 사용하면, increment 액션을 호출해주게 된다. 마찬가지로 payload를 넣어서 호출하게 할 수도 있다. 또한, 배열이 아닌 객체를 넣으면, 액션의 이름을 바꿀 수 있다. ```javascript import { mapActions } from 'vuex' export default { // ... methods: { ...mapActions([ 'increment', // map `this.increment()` to `this.$store.dispatch('increment')` // `mapActions` also supports payloads: 'incrementBy' // map `this.incrementBy(amount)` to `this.$store.dispatch('incrementBy', amount)` ]), ...mapActions({ add: 'increment' // map `this.add()` to `this.$store.dispatch('increment')` }) } } ``` - Composing Actions 액션은 주로 비동기적이다. 그럼 어떻게 액션이 끝났는지를 알 수 있을까? 또한, 어떻게 여러 액션을 같이 구성할 수 있을까? action을 dispatch하는 `store.action`은 액션 핸들러가 반환하는 Promise를 핸들링할 수 있다. ```javascript actions: { actionA ({ commit }) { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { setTimeout(() => { commit('someMutation') resolve() }, 1000) }) } } ``` ```javascript store.dispatch('actionA').then(() => { // ... }) ``` `async/await`을 사용할 수도 있다. ```javascript // assuming `getData()` and `getOtherData()` return Promises actions: { async actionA ({ commit }) { commit('gotData', await getData()) }, async actionB ({ dispatch, commit }) { await dispatch('actionA') // wait for `actionA` to finish commit('gotOtherData', await getOtherData()) } } ``` - my action example store ```javascript /* eslint-disable no-param-reassign */ import Vue from 'vue'; import Vuex from 'vuex'; Vue.use(Vuex); const ADD_COUNT = 'ADD_COUNT'; const store = new Vuex.Store({ state: { count: 100 }, mutations: { [ADD_COUNT](state, payload) { state.count += payload.num; } }, actions: { incrementAsync({ commit }) { return new Promise(resolve => { setTimeout(() => { commit(ADD_COUNT, { num: 300 }); resolve(); }, 1000); }); } } }); export default store; ``` component : `mapActions`로 액션을 method로 만든 부분을 확인하기! ```htmlembedded <template> <header id="header"> <button @click="addToCount({ num: 10 })">click here</button> <button @click="incrementAsync300">async added number</button> store : {{ storeCount }} </header> </template> <script> import { mapState, mapGetters, mapMutations, mapActions } from 'vuex'; export default { data() { return { title: "Lillie's Trello", count: 'this is local count' }; }, computed: { // ...mapState(['count']), // 원래는 유효하지만, 이 예제에서는 local state의 count와 이름이 겹쳐서 안됨. ...mapState({ // count: state => state.count, // 원래는 유효하지만, 이 예제에서는 local state의 count와 이름이 겹쳐서 안됨. storeCount: 'count', // string으로 넘기면, state => state.count와 같다. sayLocalCount(state) { // hi this is local count, this is count from store : 100 return `hi ${this.count}, this is count from store : ${state.count}`; } }), myCount() { return this.$store.getters.plusCount(10); }, ...mapGetters(['minusCount']), ...mapGetters({ mdCount: 'minusDoubleCount' }) }, methods: { ...mapMutations({ addToCount: 'ADD_COUNT' }), ...mapActions({ incrementAsync300: 'incrementAsync' }) } }; </script> ```

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