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    # 精機中心叫人鈴改良 ## 壹、簡介 ### 一、研究目的 1. 解決叫人鈴無法正常使用的問題 2. 提出可行的解決方法(向) 3. 了解產生之訊號的形式 ### 二、研究動機 這款精機中心的叫人鈴,宣稱是EOG(眼電訊號)的輔具,而實際上是EOG還是EMG(肌電訊號)還有待商榷。以技術上來看,眼電訊號以及腦波訊號通常較為微弱,很容易因為環境以及接地因素受到其他訊號的干擾,因此想探討在不同的環境底下,叫人鈴的準確度。以及由於在先前的測試中發現:電量低於90%時,會有量測不準確的問題,也因此想找出有關電池方面的可能問題。 ### 三、背景 * 眼電圖(electrooculogram, EOG)測量的是存在於角膜和眼後極部的靜息電位。這種靜息電位的主要位置跨過視網膜色素上皮。明適應和暗適應狀態下的振幅比要比振幅的實際值更有價值 * 貼片配置 在 **EOG(Electro-Oculogram,眼電圖)** 測量中,通常使用 **三個電極** 來偵測 **眼球運動與眨眼**,其作用如下: 1. **主動電極(Active Electrode,信號電極)** - 放置在 **眼睛上方** 或 **眼睛下方**(偵測垂直眼動),或 **眼睛左右兩側**(偵測水平眼動)。 - 負責接收眼球運動時產生的電位變化。 2. **參考電極(Reference Electrode)** - 通常放置在與主動電極**相對應的眼周位置**(例如,上方對應下方,或左側對應右側)。 - 減少環境雜訊,提供穩定的參考點來比較電位變化。 3. **接地電極(Ground Electrode)** - 一般放置在 **額頭中央、耳垂、或頸後**如圖一。 - 用來消除雜訊,穩定訊號,減少 **肌電訊號(EMG)或電磁干擾(如 50/60Hz 電源雜訊)**。 ![2025-04-27 22-49-06 的螢幕擷圖](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkUzN6jJll.png) </center><center>圖一:電極貼片位置</center> * 視網膜靜止電位 * 指 **視網膜色素上皮(RPE)與視網膜神經層之間的電位差**,其主要由視細胞(Photoreceptors)與周圍離子(主要為鈉離子)環境所決定。 * 當有光照時(明適應),會觸發 **視覺循環(Phototransduction)**,導致 **超極化(Hyperpolarization)**。 * 當黑暗時(暗適應),**視桿細胞(Rod Cells)與視錐細胞(Cone Cells)** 在黑暗中會維持 **去極化狀態(Depolarized State)** 在黑暗中**Na+ 離子通道(CNG 通道)開啟**,鈉離子持續進入視細胞,形成「**暗電流(Dark Current)**」。因此,角膜與視網膜之間的電位差為穩定的,而當光照時,**Na+ 離子通道(CNG 通道)關閉**,不再流動,訊號便開始不穩定,導致雜訊產生。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJxAlRs1xg.png)<center>圖二:眼球構造圖</center> * M5 core2 * 是M5Stack開發套件系列中第二代主機,主控ESP32型號為D0WDQ6-V3 * 電源部分搭載AXP192電源管理芯片可有效控制機身功耗,內置綠色電源指示燈,配備500mAh電池,續航時間更持久。電量是根據電壓來估算的,AXP192 預設會根據某一電壓–容量曲線去估算剩餘電量。 * 下圖三中 **AXP192** 為電源管理IC,圖四為電路板的實際配置圖 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HygRp_ugel.png)<center>圖三:IC板配置圖</center> ![IMG_8522](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryHCVW-4xl.jpg)<center>圖四:IC板實際圖</center> * 電量低於90%的情況如影片一所示 * 影片一:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtZVXHdqJC0 ## 貳、實驗內容 ### 一、實驗方法 (一)、電量顯示不穩:透過理論及查找datasheet,找出原因。 (二)、電池解決方案:透過直接替換新電池做新舊電池比較。比較兩者之間的消耗時間。 (三)、實作黑暗中與光照中的靈敏度測試,將各量測5次,驗證是否在黑暗中真的比較準確。 (四)、使用實驗室的示波器實際量測產生之訊號 ### 二、實驗結果 (一)、手機之所以電量顯示平穩的原因關鍵在於它們使用了專門的「Fuel Gauge(電量計)」晶片+軟體校正+長期統計學習,我們就從軟體校正做說明,系統會做**平滑校正**,根據過去幾秒的趨勢平均再把讀出來的數據做比較然後調整,流程如下: 1. 平滑:多次讀取電壓,計算平均值,避免亂跳。 2. 校正:根據這顆電池的實際放電曲線,把電壓轉換成正確的百分比。 然而我們可以從[4]的內容,找尋相關詞,會發現AXP192 並不具備真正的「電池電量累積計算」(Battery Fuel Gauge)功能,它只會提供: 1. VBAT(電池電壓) 2. IBAT(電池電流) 3. VBUS(USB 電壓) 4. Battery Charging Status(是否在充電) (二)、當兩者都在充電情況下顯示100%時,將充電頭拔除,進行開機狀態下電池消耗比較如下圖五(左下為舊電池、右上為新電池),初始狀態分別為98%及80% ![IMG_8050 (1)](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJhATT_xll.jpg)<center>圖五:初始電量</center> 經過2個小時後(如圖六) ![IMG_8053](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJU-IkFegl.jpg)<center>圖六:兩小時後電量</center> (三)、明適應與暗適應分別如影片二、影片三 影片二請看:https://youtu.be/ueDqeZwQoXc 影片三請看:https://youtu.be/a7uGVW-G8hA (四)、實驗結果如影片四 影片四請看: https://youtube.com/shorts/Zjwuaz_xABk?feature=share</center> ### 三、討論 (一)、在[5]中發現,精機中心並沒有使用符合的鋰電池規格,理應使用**3.7V 500mAh**的鋰電池,但使用的卻為**3.7V 1600mAh**。而這將為導致電量顯示失真的原因之一,AXP192 的電量估算表可能是針對 500mAh 電池調校 → 用 1600mAh 時會出現不準或亂跳。沒有:SOC(State of Charge)或 Coulomb Counter(庫倫積分器)代表它無法準確估算百分比,只能「用電壓近似判斷電量」。 (二)、在這兩小時中,得到兩件事**1.電池的下降量落在16%左右** **2.電量顯示並無異常(不會亂跳)**,可以得出電池並無新舊的差別,而電量顯示不穩是**充電時**發生的事,根據理論推測原因為當充電時AXP192 會根據電壓來源自動切換 USB / Battery 。如果你一邊插著 USB 一邊讀電池資訊,可能因為負載不穩定而導致短暫切換 (三)、根據理論所述(在黑暗中Na+ 離子通道(CNG 通道)開啟,鈉離子持續進入視細胞,形成「暗電流(Dark Current)」。因此,角膜與視網膜之間的電位差為穩定的,而當光照時,Na+ 離子通道(CNG 通道)關閉,不再流動,訊號便開始不穩定,導致雜訊產生),證明在暗適應的情況下,敏感度與準確度是優於明適應的。 (四)、在影片三可以看到,人體成了以大樓為接地的大天線,信號除了雜訊以外就是常見的60赫茲之訊號。經過後來與學長及教授的討論後,才知道由於眼球之所以有角膜與視網膜的電位差,是因為電荷蓄積導致,然而因為產生之電流及電位差極小,因此當整個系統內有人體、導電膠、示波器之內電阻造成的阻抗時,便會無法使電流成功流通。簡易電路圖如圖七 ![2025-06-16 20-50-05 的螢幕擷圖](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByU8Q967le.png) <center>圖七:簡易電路圖</center> ## 參、結論及建議 從(一)(二)實驗可以得出關於電池的以下結論及建議: 1. 電量顯示不穩是出現在充電時,當AXP192偵測到USB的電壓資訊與鋰電池的電壓資訊時,造成的短暫切換或因為使用「用電壓近似判斷電量」。 2. 新舊電池不影響儀器的工作。 3. 可能可以針對軟體部份,做出平滑校正或嘗試使用M5Core2規定之3.7V 500mAh鋰電池,其不影響機器運作但對於電量偵測會有一定的影響。 從(三)實驗得到以下結論與建議: 1. 環境的亮暗是會對儀器產生較為顯著的影響,因此如要將儀器給病友配戴測試時,須在亮度較暗的環境下實作。 從(四)實驗可以得出以下對於信號量測的結論與心得: 1. 因為是**電荷移動**造成的電位差與**電流**,因為電位差極小且因為有阻抗所以推測因此才無法量到電位差。我們應該式要量測電流並加以放大才是對的。 ## 肆、參考文獻 [1] 精機中心開發「EOG 眼控型溝通輔具」:嘉創服務部 賴冠融, “技術通報 291期_為身心障礙者開啟一扇溝通的窗— EOG 眼控型溝通輔具20”,Jan. 18, 2023.[Online]. Available:https://www.pmc.org.tw/tw/periodical/show.aspx?num=1269 [2] 視網膜是什麼?5步驟從零到熟悉的網膜解剖圖 [Online] Available:https://eyesplayer.com/what-is-the-retina/ [2] Lydia Yuhlung, and Hemashree Bordoloi, Khomdram Jolson singh,Irengbam Venkat Mangangcha and Laishram Richard title based on " Lab View based EOG signal Processing" published in International Journal for Research in Emerging Science and Technology,Volume-2,Issue-3,March-2015. [3] Masaki Nakanishi, Yasue Mitsukura, YijunWang, Yu-Te Wang, and Tzyy-Ping Jung, “Online voluntary eye blink detection using electrooculogram,” International Symposium on Non-linear Theory and its Applications, pp.114–117, 2012 [4] AXP192 datasheet [Online] Available: https://www.s-manuals.com/datasheet/axp192 [5] M5core2產品規格 [Online] Available: https://docs.m5stack.com/en/core/core2 [6] 為台灣加油打氣專欄 (72) 眼控叫人鈴 [Online] https://doc.boyo.org.tw/rctlee/?p=2468

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