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    # 財務管理論文重點整理(論文八) [論文ppt連結](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RcTU3sf6omqSkDoT9lx0cg-sHMJiQxTv/view?usp=share_link) [論文連結](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JZ-feQvd-3q5r5PHToap37IGCCDHPHr7/view?usp=share_link) --- ## introduction - 以上幾位學者研究顯示、橫截面報酬(資產定價)主要是由市場風險,其實還有公司風險、公司規模、歷史報酬影響,也認為這就是市場非效率的證據 - 市場異常主要有幾點文獻研究 1. p/e ratio低的pe ratio會有高的平均調整後回報 2. 小公司會有更高的調整後報酬 3. 流動性影響:低流動性股票、高流動性敏感性股票,會有較高的調整後報酬 - 動量效應:股票長期回報率高,就買入,賣出長期報酬率低股票,又稱win minus low 變數(後面會用) - 共識:靜態capm (beta 長期不變)並不能捕捉股票平均回報的橫截面,動態跟一般均衡capm有較好表現 - 動量效應以外,其餘市場異常對預期收益影響可以透過APT 解釋,支持市場效率 - 這篇論文要檢驗在動態beta 模型下,資產定價模型是否能捕捉到規模價值momentem 、turnover 還有流動性因子 **問題:動態跟非動態主要差異:beta有沒有在估計期被調整** - 這篇論文評估了在條件資產定價模型下,beta 雖公司市值」帳面市值、商業週期變化而變化,這篇論文還有展示一個具有時變的a 模型(隨著商業週期變化而變化) - 這邊資料使用單一證券,而不是資產組合,避免資訊窺探和信息丟失 ## Asset pricing models ![](https://i.imgur.com/f9NF7gA.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/NItO0kE.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/7mFlxvG.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/6h7GxQe.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/mSUfYeg.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/XgudovB.png) ## Methodology ![](https://i.imgur.com/mzfMv90.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/C0iaFJc.png) - 總共450個月,每一家450個月資料算beta,再去算這家公司在這450個月在風險因子之下該有的預期報酬(論文沒講)(**第一個回歸目的:去找在某一個因子模型之下該有的報酬為多少**) - 定義調整後報酬=超額報酬-風險溢酬-相異的因子加總剛剛估計的bhat作為後面的y - ![](https://i.imgur.com/vYCg7Iv.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/lbgRonA.png) - 第1個為無條件β,是除了βj1以外所有β都被限制為0,即為靜態版的CAPM模型 - 第2個為βj2、βj4以及βj6=0 只有考慮**規模效應和book to market ratio** - 第3個為 βj3、βj4、βj5和βj6為0這是一個只有考慮**違約利差的β**,小寫z為宏觀經濟因素在這裡我們用違約利差來表示 - 最後一種為允許所有β不為0,也就是**兩者都考慮的β** - 第四式才是後面主要表示式 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/QSNccuu.png) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/YM3JCNw.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/zYYGLP3.png) - 由前面1234相加相消發現殘差項爲調整後報酬,如果這個模型夠好,這個殘差要成常態分佈,故第二階段透過虛無假設,測試各個因子是否有足夠factor loading 去解釋調整後報酬,如果這個ct =0,代表該模型裡有足夠factor loading 去解釋證券報酬率,反之也是 ## Results ![](https://i.imgur.com/ItuP7AR.png) - 希望係數不顯著,就代表大公司小公司的差異不應該去解釋這個回歸的y,(因為這邊的y是已經調整後的報酬了),希望已經收到之前模型因子把風險解決掉了,不希望看到這個因子的其他相關特徵而還能解釋這個報酬 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/H1MABIJ.png) - capm下的調整後報酬,可看到這裡係數都是顯著,表示capm這個模型沒有充分解釋這些公司特徵對於y的影響(capm的風險因子是否充分解釋第一階段調整後報酬,或是有其他公司特徵,代表capm沒有捕捉到) ![](https://i.imgur.com/VmDspua.png) - y在 Fama-French 三因子模型下以超額市場報酬、SMB、HML 為風險因子之調整後報酬 - 目的解釋Fama-French three-factor model是否已經可以充分解釋第一階段回歸得出的報酬 **問題:為什麼panelA、panelB有顯著差異(panelA,在ubscale的size跟bm顯著,但是panelB的unscale的size跟bm顯著都不顯著)** **答:科技股市值偏大,size跟bm都會有某一些傾向(以至於無法捕捉這種傾向),故移除nasdaq可以讓這個模型work** - 當beta受市值還有bm、違約利差調整後,就可以捕捉到了 - 因為unscale時無法捕捉,故作者猜想可能是時間的關係 - 創一個時間序利,當經濟蕭條時,為1,反之為0 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Ce4otk6.png) - 作者認為,解釋預期報酬是風險因子,不是公司特徵 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/mBvTgAG.png) - y = 在 Fama-French three factor + liquidity factor 下以超額市場報酬、SMB、HML、liquidity factor 為風險因子之調整後報酬 - 可發現r^2並沒有改變,故加入流動性因子並沒有幫助解釋回歸 - 且NYTURN and NASDTURN還是顯著,故流動性因子並沒有捕捉到turnover on stock returns - ![](https://i.imgur.com/foVpYhV.png) - 表五主要差異為在主要回歸中加入WML,但是發現past three-month, six-month, and twelve-month returns並沒有被捕捉 - 作者發現主要回歸中加入WML似乎可以捕捉到NASDAQturnover on returns對超額報酬的影響 ![](https://i.imgur.com/wS6zjqU.png) - The model can explain the size effect of stock value, but the value effect is significant and cannot explain the value effect ![](https://i.imgur.com/aoHESce.png) - CCAPM無法解釋size, book-to-market, turnover, and past return的影響 - SIZE發生反轉,意即size越高,異常報酬越高 ![](https://i.imgur.com/67EZVys.png) - 作者想知道Fama-French model plus Liquidity and Momentum factor之後是否可以捕捉到turnover, and past return - r^2是所有模型中最低的,故為模型中配適的最好的(但依然無法捕捉到其影響) ![](https://i.imgur.com/kdsftm1.png) - 可以看出,當a隨總經變數變動時,過去報酬對於調整後報酬,過去的return幾乎都不顯著,**並不表示這個模型有捕捉到動能效應,而是動能效應報酬會隨的景氣循環變動** ![](https://i.imgur.com/I7ZzzHI.png) - NYTURN絕對值數值為表三的2倍,而NASDTURN更是超過了8倍,可以知道在控制潛在景氣循環影響後,流動性影響仍未消除,推測流動性並不直接與經濟狀況相關 **問題:為什麼要分成NYTURN跟NASDTURN計算方法不同,NASD買跟賣是被double count,故分開計算** **注意:流動性跟動向非常相近,故動能交易很有可能抓的是流動性交易,實證上非常相似,故表三可能將一部份流動性效應抓住了,故導致係數較表3較低** ## Conclusions - 條件跟非條件(capm、ccapm、ffmodel)都無法捕捉到size, BM, turnover, and past return效果 - 條件ffmodel可以捕捉到size and BM. - beta隨著size, BM, and business cycle變動可以提升模型定價能力 - 沒有一個模型可以捕捉到liquidity or momentum. - 隨著景氣變動的a可以描繪隨著景氣循環變動的動能報酬

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