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    # 2020年8月18日 電磁感應 ###### tags: `高中物理` ## 第一階段:隨機抽問 1. (計算題)假設空間中遍佈均勻、穩定、而且可任意改變方向的磁場,其量值為 $B$,又假設有一個曲面 $S:\left\{(x,y,0)\middle||x|+|y|\leq a\right\}$,則:應該怎麼設置磁場方向,才會使曲面 $S$ 的磁通量等於 $Ba^2$? 2. (簡答題)請同時用文字和數學式說明法拉第電磁感應定律。並解釋冷次定律。 3. (證明題)假設一質量均勻的導體棒置於均勻、恆定(即不隨時間變化的)的磁場中,且導體棒方向與磁場方向垂直,若導體棒繞著通過質心的垂直平分線做等速圓周運動,則請問導體棒內部的電位分布是什麼樣子? 4. (計算題)考慮以下情形: - 有一個長方形線線圈,在 $y$ 方向的長度為 $\ell$,$x$方向的寬度為 $w$; - 線圈在 $xy$-平面上以速率 $v$ 朝向 $x$ 方向移動;因此,線圈中心 $x_C$ 滿足 $v = \text{d}x_C/\text{d}t$。 - 有一個恆定磁場 $B(x)$,指向 $z$ 方向。則左邊的磁場量值為 $B(x_C − w/2)$,右邊的磁場量值為 $B(x_C + w/2)$。 試求線圈上的電動勢量值與方向。 ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Right-hand_rule.PNG =300x) 5. (計算題)請解釋法拉第電磁感應定律如何應用於變壓器? ### 答題狀況 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | +2 | +2 | +0 | +0 | +2 | ## 第二階段: ### 一、物理量 #### 1. 磁通量(符號:++  ++) - 〔純量/向量〕 - 定義 - 概念化:單位面積通過的「淨」++   ++ 數量 - 數學描述:若 ++    ++ $\mathbf{B}$ 以任意角度 $\theta$ 通過一個面積向量為 $\mathbf{A}$ 的平面,則磁通量為 $$\boxed{\phantom{\Phi_B=\mathbf{B}\cdot\mathbf{A}=BA\cos\theta}}。$$對於任意曲面 $\mathcal{S}$,需要使用曲面積分,簡單來說就是把曲面分割為無限多微小平面,總磁通量為所有微小平面的加總,即曲面積分$$\Phi_B=\iint_{\mathcal{S}}\mathbf{B}\cdot d\mathbf{A}。$$ - 單位 - SI制: #### 2. 電動勢(electromotive force,EMF)(符號:++  ++) - 〔純量/向量〕 - 定義: - 電動勢源對每單位電荷所供應的能量是其電動勢。$\mathcal{E}=\dfrac{W}{q}$ - 電動勢源:電化電池、太陽能電池、燃料電池、熱電裝置、發電機⋯⋯ - 電磁學中可區分兩種電動勢:(補充) - 感應電動勢(induced EMF):靜止於時變磁場 $\mathbf{B}(t)$ 中的任意迴路 $C$,會在整個迴路上產生感應電動勢$$\mathcal{E}_\text{ind}=\int_C\mathbf{E}\boldsymbol\cdot\text{d}\boldsymbol\ell,\tag{2}$$ - 動生電動勢(motional EMF):移動於恆定磁場 $\mathbf{B}$ 中的任意線路 $\Gamma$,會在線路兩端產生動生電動勢 $$\mathcal{E}_\text{mot}=\int_\Gamma\mathbf{v}\boldsymbol\times\mathbf{B}\boldsymbol\cdot\text{d}\boldsymbol\ell,\tag{3}$$ 其中 $\mathbf{v}$ 是線路 $\Gamma$ 上線段元素的速度。這可以用勞倫茲力 $\mathbf{F}_m=q\mathbf{v}\boldsymbol\times\mathbf{B}$ 來解釋。 ### 二、重要定律、方程式、公式 #### 1. 法拉第電磁感應定律 「一個 ++    ++ 中的 ++   ++ 量值」就是「該 ++    ++ 所圍之 ++  ++ 的 ++   ++」的時變率,++   ++ 的方向(公式中的負號)由 ++  ++ 定律提供。即$$\boxed{\phantom{\mathcal{E}=-\dfrac{d\Phi_E}{dt}}}。$$ #### 2. 法拉第電磁感應定律的微分形式(補充) 法拉第電磁感應定律 $$\mathcal{E}=-\dfrac{\text{d}\Phi_B}{\text{d}t}$$ 搭配電動勢和磁通量的定義可得到 $$\int_C\mathbf{E}\boldsymbol\cdot\text{d}\boldsymbol\ell=-\iint_S\dfrac{\partial\mathbf{B}}{\partial t}\boldsymbol\cdot\text{d}\mathbf{a},$$ 用向量微積分中的斯托克斯定理可以得到 $$\iint_S(\boldsymbol\nabla\boldsymbol\times\mathbf{E})\cdot\text{d}\mathbf{a}=-\iint_S\dfrac{\partial\mathbf{B}}{\partial t}\boldsymbol\cdot\text{d}\mathbf{a},$$ 但這應該對任意曲面 $S$ 都成立,所以 $$\boldsymbol\nabla\boldsymbol\times\mathbf{E}=-\dfrac{\partial\mathbf{B}}{\partial t},$$ 這說明「電場的旋度等於的磁場時變率的負值」,這就是法拉第電磁感應定律的微分形式,也稱馬克士威-法拉第定律。 #### 3. 馬克士威方程組 ![](https://i.imgur.com/8xD6bba.png) ## 第三階段:解答課前提問 ## 科普文章選讀 1. [何謂雷射](https://www.gigaphoton.com/ct/technology/laser/what-is-a-laser) 2. [電子如何發射電磁波?](https://sa.ylib.com/MagArticle.aspx?Unit=columns&id=3476) 3. [電波是如何在天線形成並輻射出去的?](https://www.qsl.net/vr2ls/knowings/radiowave/radiowave.html) 4. [磁振造影:核磁共振產生影像有利精準診斷](https://scitechvista.nat.gov.tw/c/sTkX.htm)

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