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# 2022q1 Homework5 (quiz5) contributed by < [tommy2234](https://github.com/tommy2234) > 題目連結 [quiz5](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2022-quiz5) ## 測驗 1 本題利用 [Sieve of Eratosthenes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes),嘗試找出第 1500 個回文質數,有效位數是 15 - 改寫[第 3 週測驗題](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2022-quiz3)裡頭的整數開平方根實作,藉由 [lookup table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookup_table) (LUT) 的手法降低分支的數量: (但這不必然較快) ```c static ull isqrt(ull x) { if (x == 0) return 0; int lz = __builtin_clzll(x) & 62; x <<= lz; uint32_t y = isqrt64_tab[(x >> 56) - 64]; y = (y << 7) + (x >> 41) / y; y = (y << 15) + (x >> 17) / y; y -= x < (uint64_t) y * y; return y >> (lz >> 1); } ``` ### 產生一個能用來檢驗質數的 bitmap 此 bitmap 將會用在 **Sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm** 之中。 其原理是是從2開始,將每個質數的各個倍數標記成合數。 psieve 只需要檢驗到最大 palindrome (max) 的開根號 ,並且所有 2 的倍數都被忽略。 ```c /* Generates a table of prime numbers up to the maximum having digits. * All even numbers (including 2) are ignored. Bit n in the bitmap * represents the odd number (2n + 1). This enables the table to be * half the size of a naive Sieve of Eratosthenes implementation. */ static void generate_sieve(int digits) { ull max = 0; for (int count = 0; count < digits; ++count) max = max * 10 + 9; max = isqrt(max); half_max = max >> 1; /* We need half the space as multiples of 2 can be omitted */ int bytes = (max >> 1) + (max & 0x1); /* Calculate the actual number of bytes required */ bytes = (bytes >> 3) + (bytes & 0x1); bytes = ALIGN(bytes, 16); /* Align-up to 16-byte */ psieve = realloc(psieve, bytes); if (!psieve) { printf("realloc() failed!\n"); exit(1); } memset(psieve, 0, bytes); /* In psieve bit 0 -> 1, 1 -> 3, 2 -> 5, 3 -> 7 and so on... */ /* Set the 0th bit representing 1 to COMPOSITE */ psieve[0] |= COMPOSITE << (1 >> 1); unsigned char mask = 0x7; for (ull n = 3; n <= max; n += 2) { if (((psieve[n >> 4] >> ((n >> 1) & mask)) & 0x1) == PRIME) { for (ull mul = (n << 1); mul < max; mul += n) { /* Skip the evens: there is no representation in psieve */ if (!(mul & 0x1)) continue; /* Set offset of mul in psieve */ psieve[mul >> 4] |= COMPOSITE << ((mul >> 1) & mask); /* bit offset */ } } } } ``` psieve 中的 bit n 代表的是奇數 (2n - 1)。 一開始將 bit 0 設為 1 代表和數 ```c psieve[0] |= COMPOSITE << (1 >> 1); ``` 然後逐個數字檢驗質數 ```c if (((psieve[n >> 4] >> ((n >> 1) & mask)) & 0x1) == PRIME) { ``` - 由於一個 psieve 的元素有 8 bits,可以覆蓋 16 個數字 ( 2 的倍數都忽略 ),因此 `n >> 4` 得到 n 所對應的 bit 位在 psieve 中的 index,`psieve[n >> 4]` 就得到對應的元素。 - 前面已經得到 n 所在的 index , `((n >> 1) & mask))` 則是計算 n 在此元素中對應到的 bit (offset)。 psieve 已經將 2 的倍數都忽略不紀錄,因此 n >> 1(除以 2)可以得到 n 對應 bitmap 中第幾個 bit。然後我們可以透過 and 一個 0x7 的 mask 來達到 mod 8 的效果,以取得 offset 。 - 組合起來變成 `(psieve[n >> 4] >> ((n >> 1) & mask)) & 0x1)` 。將 psieve[index] 右移 offset 再 and 0x1 得到 LSB ,終於取得了 n 對應的 bit 。 - 最後我們檢查 n 是否為質數,如果是就將其所有倍數都標記為合數,這就形成了一個 Eratosthenes 篩表。 ```c /* Set offset of mul in psieve */ psieve[mul >> 4] |= COMPOSITE << ((mul >> 1) & mask); /* bit offset */ ``` ### 運用篩表檢驗質數 透過篩檢驗傳入的 val 是否被篩表中某個質數整除,如果表中沒有任何質數能整除 val ,那 val 就是質數。 ```c /* Check if a number is prime. */ static bool isprime(const ull val) { if (!(val & 0x1)) /* Test for divisibility by 2 */ return false; ull *pquadbits = (ull *) psieve; ull next = 3; /* start at 7 (i.e. 3 * 2 + 1) */ for (ull quad = ~*pquadbits & ~0b111, prev = 0; prev <= half_max; quad = ~*++pquadbits) { if (!quad) { prev += 64; continue; } while (quad) { ull i = EXP1; next = prev + i; if (!(val % ((next << 1) + 1))) return false; quad &= EXP2; } prev += 64; } return true; } ``` 函式中有幾個重要變數 1. `pquadbits` ```c ull *pquadbits = (ull *) psieve; ``` ull 型態的 pquadbits 一次從 psieve 中拿取 64 個 bit 做檢驗,也就是一部份的篩表。 2. `next` 在下一個要檢驗的質數在 psieve 中對應的 bit ,所以 bit next 對應的數字為 next * 2 + 1 。 呼叫 isprime 前對 2、3、5 已做過檢驗,因此從 7 開始檢驗,next 起始為 3 (3 * 2 + 1 = 7)。 3. `prev` 前一個檢查的 bit。 4. `quad` 對 \*pquadbits 取 complement , 目的是為了套用 `ctz` 快速定位下一個要檢驗的質數,檢驗過後透過 `quad &= ~(1ULL << i);` 將前方的 bits 都清成 0 , 下次再用 `ctz` 又可以找到下個待檢驗質數。 :::warning TODO: 1. 指出可改進之處並實作 > 是否有必要先將數值轉成字串?用十進位的角度處理運算是否產生額外的計算負擔? 2. Linux 核心原始程式碼 [lib/math/prime_numbers.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/lib/math/prime_numbers.c) 有類似的程式碼,請解釋其作用、裡頭 [RCU](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux-rcu) 的使用情境,及針對執行時間的改進 :::

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