蔡秀吉
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    ## 題目1-1 您今天在 ICU 值班,接到電話,是關於一名患者即將要從從急診轉到你的 ICU。(患者 17 歲;化名:小明) 今天小明會來,是因為感染了一個月的傳染病未好,並開始噁心嘔吐而去找了他的全科家庭醫生。家庭醫生評估後,將小明轉診到大醫院急診又轉送到你的 ICU。現在患者昏睡,且呼吸速率(breathing rate) 非常高。您可以在顯示器上看到他的 Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1B1A-qJA.png =70%x) 請問基於以下 ABG 數據,您會如何評估病人的狀況呢? A. 患者有呼吸性酸中毒 B. 患者有未代償性代謝性酸中毒(uncompensated metabolic acidosis) C. 患者過度換氣並伴有代謝代償(hyperventilation with a metabolic compensation) D. 測量錯誤,需要再進行另一次 ABG 分析 E. 患者有代謝性酸中毒並伴隨部分呼吸代償(metabolic acidosis with a partial respiratory compensation) ### 參考數據 pH值 正常範圍:7.35-7.45 pCO2 正常範圍:35-45 mmHg HCO3 正常範圍:22-26 mmol/L BE正常範圍:-2 至 +2 mmol/L pO2:(正常範圍取決於年齡、海拔和其他因素,但對於健康個體呼吸室內空氣來說,通常 >80 mmHg 被認為是正常的) Na/K/Ca:(正常範圍:Na 135-145 mmol/L、K 3.5-5.0 mmol/L、Ca 2.2-2.6 mmol/L 或 8.8-10.4 mg/dL) Hb:(正常範圍因年齡和性別而異,一般成年男性為13.8-17.2 g/dL,成年女性為12.1-15.1 g/dL) 乳酸:(正常範圍:0.5-2.2 mmol/L) 血糖:(正常範圍:70-99 mg/dL,空腹) ### 答案分析 pH 值極低可看出患者有嚴重酸血症。而極低的 pCO2 表示過度換氣,因為身體試圖透過排出二氧化碳來補償酸中毒。 而極低的 HCO3 和非常負的 BE,表示患者有嚴重的代謝性酸中毒。高 pO2 可能是補充氧氣治療或過度換氣的結果。電解質失衡,特別是低鈣,可能會導致臨床症狀,但不是本題的主要問題。血糖高,表示患者可能有糖尿病或壓力性高血糖。總結上述,根據我們所觀察的結果相對的最適合的答案就是: E;病人患有代謝性酸中毒並伴隨部分呼吸代償。身體試圖透過過度換氣(如低 pCO2 所證明的那樣)來排出 CO2 並提高 pH 值來補償代謝性酸中毒,但這種補償並不完整,因為 pH 值仍明顯低於正常值。 ## 題目1-2 當詢問到小明的病史時,你得知他在過去幾天**感到非常口渴**,每天需要**排尿6到8公升**。你的同事向你回報:他注意到病人的**呼吸有明顯的甜味**。請問你該如何驗證你的診斷是正確的? * A. 我會在小明的實驗室檢查中,尋找陽性的毒物檢測結果。 * B. 詢問頭顱 CT 的結果,因為我認為病人有一個顱內動脈自發性破裂。 * C. 我會致電給神經科醫師,請他進行一次腰椎穿刺以檢測是否有腦膜炎病原。 * D. 我會請精神科會診,因為懷疑診斷為進食障礙合併嚴重的過度換氣症候群。 * E. 我可以問我的同事是否已經檢查了病患的血液和尿液樣本中的酮體。 ### 答案 驗證診斷的最佳方法是: E. 我可以問我的同事是否已經檢查了病患的血液和尿液樣本中的酮體。 因為非常口渴(喝多),每天需要排尿6到8公升(尿多),和呼吸中有甜味,因此懷疑患者可能有糖尿病,特別是糖尿病酮酸中毒(DKA)。 由於缺乏胰島素身體無法利用血中葡萄糖,但身體肌肉、重要器官又需要能量,所以就會分解體內的脂肪來提供能量,脂肪大量分解就會產生大量的酮體。 ## 題目1-3 兩小時後,小明狀況惡化。他的血壓和氧飽和度保持穩定,但他抱怨心率過高。在下面的圖片中,您可以看到小明目前的心電圖(ECG)(25mm/秒)。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJ3NkZ5JC.png) 請問以下關於這種情況的敘述,哪一項是正確的?: * A. (sVT)supraventricular tachycardia 必須要心律調整(cardioversion) 來治療。 * B. 我準備了 Dobutamin 來進行藥物心律去顫(drug cardioversion)。 * C. 我看到了由高血糖導致的 ST 段下降。 * D. 我正在為病人抽血,急送實驗室檢測,以確定他的肌鈣蛋白水平。 * E. 在高血糖治療期間的電解質變化,可能是導致患者心律失調的原因。 ### 答案 從圖片上面你可以很明顯地看見 P 波不見,典型的VT, E. 高血糖治療過程中電解質的變化可能是心律不整的原因:電解質失衡確實會導致心律不整。如果患者一直在接受高血糖治療,監測和糾正電解質失衡就很重要。 秀吉補充說明,A.選項為什麼是錯誤的,根據EKG患者確實SVT,但不是所有VT都要電。以這題為例,小明血壓血氧正常,**意識清楚**還在和你抱怨他 tachycardia 不舒服。 所以基本上如果看到患者的VT是Stable(hemodynamically stable VT(血壓、血液動力正常的 VT)、monomorphic VT(單一型態的 VT)),且**意識清楚** ,基本上不用電擊。 遇到 PSVT,就 IV push Adenosine,然後快速將患者的手舉高,再 push 20cc normal saline flush 一下。當然 Stable VT 也可以用Lidocaine,再不行才用 amiodarone。 #### 參考資料 * [[心血管科] 臨床問題和PBL問答](https://hackmd.io/@thc1006/BkWk6B1Aa) * [VF/Pulseless VT的急救處置流程](https://medium.com/@medicalnotes/vf-pulseless-vt%E7%9A%84%E6%80%A5%E6%95%91%E8%99%95%E7%BD%AE%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B-7f8a3cd01ffc) * [心跳過快(頻脈) (2)— 不穩定頻脈的治療](https://medclinical.wordpress.com/2020/07/22/%E5%BF%83%E8%B7%B3%E9%81%8E%E5%BF%AB%E9%A0%BB%E8%84%88-2-%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E9%A0%BB%E8%84%88%E7%9A%84%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82/)

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