HackMD
  • Prime
    Prime  Full-text search on all paid plans
    Search anywhere and reach everything in a Workspace with Prime plan.
    Got it
      • Create new note
      • Create a note from template
    • Prime  Full-text search on all paid plans
      Prime  Full-text search on all paid plans
      Search anywhere and reach everything in a Workspace with Prime plan.
      Got it
      • Options
      • Versions and GitHub Sync
      • Transfer ownership
      • Delete this note
      • Template
      • Save as template
      • Insert from template
      • Export
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Import
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
      • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
      • Sharing Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Owners
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Owners Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Owners
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Owners Signed-in users Everyone
      • More (Comment, Invitee)
      • Publishing
        Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
        After the note is published, everyone on the web can find and read this note.
        See all published notes on profile page.
      • Commenting Enable
        Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
      • Permission
        • Forbidden
        • Owners
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
      • Invitee
      • No invitee
    Menu Sharing Create Help
    Create Create new note Create a note from template
    Menu
    Options
    Versions and GitHub Sync Transfer ownership Delete this note
    Export
    Dropbox Google Drive Gist
    Import
    Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
    Download
    Markdown HTML Raw HTML
    Back
    Sharing
    Sharing Link copied
    /edit
    View mode
    • Edit mode
    • View mode
    • Book mode
    • Slide mode
    Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
    Note Permission
    Read
    Owners
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Write
    Owners
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    More (Comment, Invitee)
    Publishing
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
    After the note is published, everyone on the web can find and read this note.
    See all published notes on profile page.
    More (Comment, Invitee)
    Commenting Enable
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Permission
    Owners
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Invitee
    No invitee
       owned this note    owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    Like BookmarkBookmarked
    Subscribed
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    Subscribe
    # Wifi安全報你知   相信各位讀者應該有進到提供Wi-Fi的店家時,常會拿出手機開始尋找店家Wi-Fi來使用的經驗吧?但要小心這可能潛藏危機,因為我們無法確定這個Wi-Fi是否使用足夠安全的加密,這可能會使人遭受如中間人攻擊這類的手法導致個資外洩。   在提到應對措施前,Wi-Fi本身又有什麼防護機制呢?以下就讓小編來簡單說明下Wi-Fi在安全協定的演變吧! ## WEP   WEP加密全名為Wired Equivalent Privacy,並以RC4作為其加密演算法,然而由於RC4是以固定不變的WEP密鑰,以及24位元的IV(初始向量)去進行運算,因此變化性僅有一千六百多萬種,儘管看起來數量很多,但在繁忙的網路中其實很容易出現相同的IV,這使得WEP加密機制變得能夠輕易地被破解。   此外WEP除了上述所提的問題外,WEP所使用的CRC-32,一種可用於驗證訊息完整性的技術,也同樣是個會被攻擊者利用的弱點,由於其本身之結構容易遭到竄改,因此攻擊者能夠修改訊息內容並將其偽裝成合法的封包,透過這個弱點後續能做出各種幫助攻擊的操作。   基於其低下的安全性,WEP已於2003年被當時新推出的WPA所淘汰。 ## WPA   正如上述所提到的WEP安全性過低,Wi-Fi聯盟接著提出了實現部分IEEE 802.11i標準的WPA(Wi-Fi Protected Access)作為標準完備前的過渡方案,為了能相容於使用WEP的設備,WPA繼續使用了RC4演算法並加入了TKIP(Temporal Key Integrity Protocol)加密協定來提升安全性。   TKIP具有多項安全功能,分別是將IV的位元數增大,並對於每個封包都給予唯一的一組密鑰,藉此提高封包遭到破解的難度;此外亦使用了能夠驗證資料完整性的64位元的MIC(Message Integrity Check)以防止封包遭到竄改。而WPA也實作了序列技術的功能,能夠防禦重送攻擊。 ## WPA2   當IEEE 802.11i標準完備後,WPA2作為完全實現該標準的技術也被正式提出,採用了AES演算法來取代具有漏洞的RC4以及CCMP(Counter Mode with CBC-MAC Protocol)來取代TKIP,CCMP使用了128個位元的密鑰以及48位元的IV以防禦重送攻擊,並同時提供數據隱私、資料驗證及完整性。   儘管WPA2已經能抵擋大多數的攻擊,但是依然有可能被名為KRACK的攻擊手段危害,所謂的KRACK攻擊是指利用WPA2使用的四向交握(4-way handshake)機制中一旦未收到第四次握手的回應時,將會持續傳送包含加密金鑰的第三次回應,透過不斷重新安裝相同密鑰以重設nonce,進而破解其加密。 ## WPA3   WPA3作為目前最新的技術,為了避免上述所提到的KRACK攻擊,WPA3採用了名為SAE( Simultaneous Authentication of Equals)的技術,而非WPA2的四向交握,藉由完全不同的交握機制以防止遭到攻擊。   此外WPA3允許共享密碼外的方法登入至公共網路,也就是稱為DPP(Wi-Fi Device Provisioning Protocol)的系統,該系統允許使用者利用NFC標籤或QR code來允許網路上的設備。   最後,不同於使用128位元加密的WPA2,WPA3使用了256位元的加密技術,其破解的難度將遠高於WPA2。 ## 結論   以上是關於Wi-Fi在連線協定的演化,最後小編建議能不使用陌生場所的Wi-Fi是最好的,但若有急事必須連線處理的話也要有些應對措施,以下附上幾個使用Wi-Fi要有的好習慣,以幫助各位能更好地保護好自己的個資:   1. 不隨意使用公共場所的Wi-Fi,尤其是未設密碼的Wi-Fi   2. 選擇使用WPA2以上的Wi-Fi   3. 上網時盡量連有HTTPS的網站   4. 使用可信任的VPN進行連線,大多數VPN都提供連線加密,且加密技術與連線速度也都有     所不同,請依照個人需求去選擇,但不建議使用免費或來路不明的VPN ## Reference [無線網路加密標準簡介](https://www.ithome.com.tw/tech/96292) [What’s Wrong With WEP?](http://www.opus1.com/www/whitepapers/whatswrongwithwep.pdf) [Why is WEP crackable?](https://openxtra.org/article/wep-weaknesses) [Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)](https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Wi-Fi-Protected-Access) [The Difference Between WEP, WPA, and WPA2 Wi-Fi Passwords](https://www.howtogeek.com/167783/htg-explains-the-difference-between-wep-wpa-and-wpa2-wireless-encryption-and-why-it-matters/) [CCMP (Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol)](https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/CCMP-Counter-Mode-with-Cipher-Block-Chaining-Message-Authentication-Code-Protocol) [WPA3](https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/WPA3) [What is WPA3](https://www.netspotapp.com/what-is-wpa3.html) [來自 KRACK 攻擊的 Wi-Fi 風險 – 防範措施](https://news.sophos.com/zh-tw/2017/10/22/%E4%BE%86%E8%87%AA-krack-%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E7%9A%84-wi-fi-%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA-%E9%98%B2%E7%AF%84%E6%8E%AA%E6%96%BD/)

    Import from clipboard

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lost their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template is not available.


    Upgrade

    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template found.

    Create custom template


    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password

    or

    By clicking below, you agree to our terms of service.

    Sign in via Facebook Sign in via Twitter Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in via Google

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Tutorials

    Book Mode Tutorial

    Slide Mode Tutorial

    YAML Metadata

    Contacts

    Facebook

    Twitter

    Feedback

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions

    Versions and GitHub Sync

    Sign in to link this note to GitHub Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub Learn more
     
    Add badge Pull Push GitHub Link Settings
    Upgrade now

    Version named by    

    More Less
    • Edit
    • Delete

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare with
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub

        Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo. Learn more

         Sign in to GitHub

        HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Available push count

        Upgrade

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Upgrade

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully