雙曲線
    • Create new note
    • Create a note from template
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
    • Invite by email
      Invitee

      This note has no invitees

    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note No publishing access yet

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.

      Your account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

      Your team account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

      Explore these features while you wait
      Complete general settings
      Bookmark and like published notes
      Write a few more notes
      Complete general settings
      Write a few more notes
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Note Insights New
    • Engagement control
    • Make a copy
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Save as template
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Note Insights Versions and GitHub Sync Sharing URL Create Help
Create Create new note Create a note from template
Menu
Options
Engagement control Make a copy Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
  • Invite by email
    Invitee

    This note has no invitees

  • Publish Note

    Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note No publishing access yet

    Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
    Your note is now live.
    This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.

    Your account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

    Your team account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

    Explore these features while you wait
    Complete general settings
    Bookmark and like published notes
    Write a few more notes
    Complete general settings
    Write a few more notes
    See published notes
    Unpublish note
    Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
    View profile
    Engagement control
    Commenting
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Suggest edit
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    Emoji Reply
    Enable
    Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
       Owned this note    Owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    # Chapter 26: 半導體元件 ###### tags: `物理二` `筆記整理` `李威儀` ## 緒論 ### Work Function 一個金屬的 Work Function ($\phi$) 定義為光電子的最小束縛能。因此金屬受到光照射之後,光電子躍出的最大動能為 $$E_{max}=hf-\phi$$ 下圖的 $V_0$ 表示在不同金屬的光電流強度相同的前提下,為了抗衡光電流所需要施加的電壓。由圖中可知金屬銫的 Work Function 比金屬銅低。 > ![](https://i.imgur.com/qlD0SXk.png) ### Fermi Energy 一個金屬的 Fermi energy ($E_F$)是指非自由電子(也就是受原子核束縛的電子)所在的最高能階。一個金屬的 Fermi level 至 vacuum level(自由電子所在的量子位置)的差值,決定了這個金屬的 Work Function ### Contact Potential:以銅與銫放置在一起的情況為例 因為金屬銫的 Work Function 比金屬銅低,因此金屬銫的 Fermi level 比較接近 Vacuum Level ;或者另一種說法是,銫金屬因為電子比較多,最外層電子(座落在 Fermi Level 的電子)擁有比銅還要高的能量。 當金屬銫與銅放置在一起時,金屬銫的電子會傾向流動到金屬銅內部,也就是由高能流向低能來達成平衡。可以理解為銫金屬的電位比銅金屬低,因此電子由銫流向銅。最終形成金屬銫帶正電、金屬銅帶負電的情況。當達到電流平衡時,可以斷言此時金屬銫與銅擁有相同的 Fermi level 。 達成電流平衡後,因為銫金屬帶正電,銅金屬帶負電,可以理解為產生一個由銫指向銅電場。這個電位差的差值以符號表示為 $V_C$ ,稱為 Contact Potential 。 這個原理可以適用於金屬導體與半導體,但不是用絕緣體,因為絕緣體的電子無法自由移動。 ## Diode 二極體 一個二極體是將 N 型半導體和 P 型半導體連接在一起的材料。如下圖所示。 > ![](https://i.imgur.com/vbnoAak.png) ### 物理學解釋 N 型半導體是帶有較多電子的半導體, P 型半導體是帶有較多電洞的半導體。兩者連接後,電子由 N 流向 P ,導致 N 型半導體帶有正電荷,P 型半導體帶有負電荷。 * 於是形成一個由 N 指向 P 的電場。 * 達成電流平衡後,兩塊半導體擁有相同的 Fermi level 。 > ![](https://i.imgur.com/LZc07N7.png) > ![](https://i.imgur.com/jZBe3GD.png) 達成電流平衡後,定義 $V_C$ 為兩塊半導體之間的電位差。將一個電子由 P 搬運至 N 所需要的能量為 $E=|e|~V_C= E_{F_N} - E_{F_P}$ 。 * 如果定義 P 型半導體的的電位 $V_P=0$ ,則 $V_N=V_C$ 。 * 如果定義 N 型半導體的的電位 $V_N=0$ ,則 $V_P=-V_C$ 。 一個半導體的 $V_C$ 取決於: * 半導體材料中電洞和電子的密度(材料不純度)。通常知道這個大概就能知道 Fermi level 和 $V_C$ 了。 * 溫度。 在常見矽半導體中, $V_C$ 大約落在 $0.6$ 到 $0.9\mathrm V$ 。絕對不會大於 $1.1\mathrm V$ 因為,這是矽的 gap ($V_g$)。 ### 達成電流動態平衡後的電子流動解釋 電子流達成平衡後,從 P 型半導體流向 N 型半導體,和從 N 型半導體流向 P 型半導體的電流強度相等。 #### P 流向 N 電子從 P 流向 N 的數量,和電子在 P 型半導體的濃度有關係。令自由電子的在 P 型半導體內的濃度為 $N_e$ ,則有以下式子。其中 $N_C$ 是一個常數。 $$\begin{aligned}N_e&=N_c \exp \left(\frac{-(E_g-E_F)}{k_BT}\right) \\ \\ &= \dfrac 1 4 \left(\frac {2m^*_ek_BT}{\hbar^2\pi}\right) \exp \left(\frac{-(E_g-E_F)}{k_BT}\right) \end{aligned}$$ > ![](https://i.imgur.com/BjmwEzL.png) 定義 $I_{PN}$ 為從 P 流向 P 的電子流。因為 P 型半導體帶有負電而 N 型帶有正電,電子從 P 流向 N 是從高位能流向低位能,是比較容易的。總之可以確定 $I_{PN} \propto N_e$ ,因此 $$I_{PN}\propto \exp\left(\frac {-E_1}{k_BT}\right)$$ #### N 流向 P 之前說到電子在 N 型半導體內部是比較多的,因為 N 型半導體是帶有額外電子的半導體。但是因為 N 型半導體在電流平衡後帶有正電,因此電子相當於是從低位能往高位能跑,必須跨過一個能階障礙 $E_b = |e|V_c=E_g-E_F$ 才行。 定義在 N 型半導體中,電子能夠跨過能階障礙的機率為 $p$ ,則 $$p=\exp\left(\frac{-|e|V_c}{k_BT}\right)$$ 定義 $I_{NP}$ 為從 N 流往 P 的電子流強度,則 $$\begin{aligned}I_{NP}& \propto \exp\left(\frac{-(E_2+|e|V_c)}{k_BT}\right) \\ \\ &= \exp\left(\frac{-E_1}{k_BT}\right) \end{aligned}$$ #### 結論 總之得到 $I_{PN}=I_{NP}$ 。 * $I_{PN}$ 與 $V_c$ 無關。因此如果施加外加電場,不會有任何影響。 * $I_{NP}$ 與 $V_c$ 有關。因此如果施加外加電場,就可以增加 $I_{NP}$ ,造成淨電流。 ### 施加外加電場的情況 * 施加電子流予 N 型半導體,可以幫助 N 型半導體內的電子,更容易克服 $V_c$ 障礙,往 P 型半導體流動。因此可以實際上在半導體內造成電子流。 * 反之,會讓半導體內電子流減弱。但因為沒有施加外加電壓的情況下,半導體內的電子流動已經是淨平衡,電流本身就是(趨近)零。所以加上負電壓的結果,半導體內部電流還是(趨近)零。 ## Bipolar Junction Transistor, BJT 雙極電晶體 BJT 半導體可以作為電流增強裝置。這裡僅以 NPN 型 BJT 電晶體做解說。 ### NPN 和 PNP 一個 BJT 由三個半導體區塊組成,兩種主流的 BJT 是 NPN 型電晶體和 PNP 型電晶體。 * 一個 NPN 型電晶體由一個極薄的 P 型半導體夾在兩塊 N 型半導體之間組成。 * 一個 PNP 型電晶體由一個極薄的 N 型半導體夾在兩塊 P 型半導體之間組成。 這三塊半導體各有專有的名稱: * 夾在中間的極薄的半導體,稱為 Base 。這塊半導體只會加上一點點雜質,所以其額外造成的電洞或電子很少。 * 兩側的半導體之一,連接外加電壓負極者稱為 Emitter 。 * 兩側的半導體之一,連接外部電壓正極者稱為 Collector 。 這三塊半導體合稱 EBC ,各自可以接上一根導線。一般來說: * B 會接地。 * E 會接上外部電壓負極。 * C 會接上外部電壓正極。 ### NPN 型電晶體 一個 NPN 型半導體達成初步電子平衡後,兩側的 N 型半導體帶有正電荷,中間的 P 型半導體帶有負電荷。其電位如下圖,兩側 N 與 P 之間有電位差 $V_C$ 。 > ![](https://i.imgur.com/K6MiCGi.png) 當接上外部電壓後,電位形式如下圖。 * 因為 B 接地,常識定義其電位 $V_B=0$ 。 * E 接上負極後電位降低,剩下 $V_C-V_{EB}$ ,其中 $V_{EB}$ 為 EB 之間外加電場造成的電位差。 * C 接上正極後電位提高,變成 $V_C+V_{BC}$ ,其中 $V_{BC}$ 為 BC 之間外加電場造成的電位差。 > ![](https://i.imgur.com/QYZImHN.png) 定義電流變數如下: * $I_E$ 為半導體 E 促成的電流。 * $I_P$ 為半導體 P 促成的電流。因為 P 很薄而且雜質很少,可以視為 $I_P\approx 0$ 。 * $I_C$ 為半導體 C 促成的電流。 那麼流入 E 端流出的電子流 $I_{\text{in}}$ ,強度大致為 $I_{\text{in}}=I_E+I_P \approx I_E$ 。從 C 端流出的電子流 $I_{\text{out}}$,強度視來自 E 、穿過 P 、來到 C 的電子流強度而定。通常定義 $I_{\text{out}}=\alpha I_{\text{in}}$ ,而 $\alpha$ 表示流電子流強度和流入電子流強度的比率。 $\alpha$ 的值視下列情況而定。一般來說會將 $\alpha$ 控制在 $0.9$ 至 $0.998$ 之間。 * 電子自 E 進入 P 後,克服能量障礙進入 C 的比率。若電子不能克服能量障礙,會因為接地而流失。 * 電子自 E 進入 P 然後到 C 所需的時間。 $\alpha$ 的值與 B 和 E 之間的電位差 $V_{BE}$ 息息相關。 $V_{BE}$ 直接決定了 $I_{\text{in}}$ 的值,而 $I_{\text{in}}$ 和 $I_{\text{out}}$ 決定 $\alpha$ 。

    Import from clipboard

    Paste your markdown or webpage here...

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lose their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template has been removed or transferred.
    Upgrade
    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template.

    Create a template

    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?
    Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password
    or
    Sign in via Facebook Sign in via X(Twitter) Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
    Wallet ( )
    Connect another wallet

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    By signing in, you agree to our terms of service.

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Help & Tutorial

    How to use Book mode

    Slide Example

    API Docs

    Edit in VSCode

    Install browser extension

    Contacts

    Feedback

    Discord

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions and GitHub Sync
    Get Full History Access

    • Edit version name
    • Delete

    revision author avatar     named on  

    More Less

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found
    Sign in to link this note to GitHub
    Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub
     

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
        • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
        • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
        Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Include title and tags
        Available push count

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully