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    --- title: 程式輸入輸出範例 tags: code, vb.net, python, ruby, java --- :::info Windows 環境請使用 CMD 作為終端機執行程式碼與編譯。 ::: # StdIn 範例 ## DOMjudge 與本地 stdin 測試方式 DOMjudge 執行程式時,會把測試資料送到程式的標準輸入(stdin)。在 DOMjudge 介面上通常只需要上傳 source code 檔案,不需要在程式中開啟 `in.txt` 或其他固定檔名。 本地環境可以先把範例測資存成 `in.txt`,再用重新導向模擬 DOMjudge 的輸入方式: ```shell= $ python3 main.py < in.txt $ gcc main.c -o main $ ./main < in.txt $ g++ main.cpp -o main $ ./main < in.txt $ javac Main.java $ java Main < in.txt ``` :::danger Online Judge 的輸出必須和題目要求完全一致,請不要多印提示文字,例如 `請輸入數字:`。 ::: ## Online Judge 常見輸入格式 常見的輸入格式大致可分為: - 固定行數:題目明確指定輸入格式與行數。 - 不定行數:題目要求讀到特定條件,或一直讀到 EOF(End of File,檔案結束)。 以下範例用同一組小題型示範 Python 3.9、C、C++、Java 的寫法。片段重點是讀取 stdin 與輸出 stdout,可依題目邏輯替換中間的計算。 ### 固定行數:單行單值 讀入一個整數 `year`,輸出 `year - 1911`。 範例輸入: ```= 2008 ``` 範例輸出: ```= 97 ``` Python 3.9: ```python= year = int(input()) print(year - 1911) ``` C: ```c= #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { int year; scanf("%d", &year); printf("%d\n", year - 1911); return 0; } ``` C++: ```cpp= #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int year; cin >> year; cout << year - 1911 << '\n'; return 0; } ``` Java: ```java= import java.util.*; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); int year = sc.nextInt(); System.out.println(year - 1911); } } ``` ### 固定行數:單行多值 讀入同一行的多個整數,輸出總和。 範例輸入: ```= 2 3 4 ``` 範例輸出: ```= 9 ``` Python 3.9: ```python= nums = list(map(int, input().split())) print(sum(nums)) ``` C: ```c= #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { int a, b, c; scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c); printf("%d\n", a + b + c); return 0; } ``` C++: ```cpp= #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a, b, c; cin >> a >> b >> c; cout << a + b + c << '\n'; return 0; } ``` Java: ```java= import java.util.*; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); int a = sc.nextInt(); int b = sc.nextInt(); int c = sc.nextInt(); System.out.println(a + b + c); } } ``` ### 固定行數:第一行指定資料筆數 第一行讀入 `n`,接著讀取 `n` 筆資料。 範例輸入: ```= 3 1 2 10 20 -3 4 ``` 範例輸出: ```= 3 30 1 ``` Python 3.9: ```python= n = int(input()) for _ in range(n): a, b = map(int, input().split()) print(a + b) ``` C: ```c= #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { int n, a, b; scanf("%d", &n); for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { scanf("%d %d", &a, &b); printf("%d\n", a + b); } return 0; } ``` C++: ```cpp= #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int n, a, b; cin >> n; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { cin >> a >> b; cout << a + b << '\n'; } return 0; } ``` Java: ```java= import java.util.*; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); int n = sc.nextInt(); for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { int a = sc.nextInt(); int b = sc.nextInt(); System.out.println(a + b); } } } ``` ### 不定行數:讀到特定條件結束 每行讀入兩個整數,直到讀到 `0 0` 結束,不處理結束那一行。 範例輸入: ```= 1 2 10 20 0 0 ``` 範例輸出: ```= 3 30 ``` Python 3.9: ```python= while True: a, b = map(int, input().split()) if a == 0 and b == 0: break print(a + b) ``` C: ```c= #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { int a, b; while (scanf("%d %d", &a, &b) == 2) { if (a == 0 && b == 0) { break; } printf("%d\n", a + b); } return 0; } ``` C++: ```cpp= #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a, b; while (cin >> a >> b) { if (a == 0 && b == 0) { break; } cout << a + b << '\n'; } return 0; } ``` Java: ```java= import java.util.*; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); while (sc.hasNextInt()) { int a = sc.nextInt(); int b = sc.nextInt(); if (a == 0 && b == 0) { break; } System.out.println(a + b); } } } ``` ### 不定行數:讀到 EOF 測資沒有先給行數,也沒有結束符號時,就持續讀到 EOF。 範例輸入: ```= 22 1 23 1 24 1 ``` 範例輸出: ```= 23 24 25 ``` Python 3.9: ```python= import sys for line in sys.stdin: a, b = map(int, line.split()) print(a + b) ``` C: ```c= #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { int a, b; while (scanf("%d %d", &a, &b) == 2) { printf("%d\n", a + b); } return 0; } ``` C++: ```cpp= #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a, b; while (cin >> a >> b) { cout << a + b << '\n'; } return 0; } ``` Java: ```java= import java.util.*; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); while (sc.hasNextInt()) { int a = sc.nextInt(); int b = sc.nextInt(); System.out.println(a + b); } } } ``` ### 資料型態轉換與逗號分隔 從 stdin 讀進來的資料一開始通常都是字串;題目要求整數、小數或其他型態時,要先轉型。若資料使用逗號分隔,就不能只用空白分隔的寫法。 範例輸入: ```= 1,2,3 ``` 範例輸出: ```= 6 ``` Python 3.9: ```python= line = input() a, b, c = map(int, line.split(",")) print(a + b + c) nums = [int(x) for x in line.split(",")] ``` C: ```c= #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { int a, b, c; scanf("%d,%d,%d", &a, &b, &c); printf("%d\n", a + b + c); return 0; } ``` C++: ```cpp= #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a, b, c; char comma; cin >> a >> comma >> b >> comma >> c; cout << a + b + c << '\n'; return 0; } ``` Java: ```java= import java.util.*; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); String[] parts = sc.nextLine().split(","); int sum = 0; for (String part : parts) { sum += Integer.parseInt(part); } System.out.println(sum); } } ``` ## 其他既有語言格式速查 以下補充本文件其他語言常見的輸入格式。每個小段都是「依題目格式擇一使用」的教學片段,不是要整段全部放進同一份提交程式。Go、Kotlin、VB .NET、C# 等語言片段請放在 `main` / `Sub Main` 裡;需要 `import` / `using` 的語言可參考後方完整範例 讀到 EOF 的完整主程式範例,仍可參考後方「範例程式碼」各語言區塊。這裡額外補充: - 第一行指定資料筆數 `n` - 讀到特定條件 `0 0` 結束 - 逗號分隔資料 ### PHP 格式片段 ```php= // 第一行指定資料筆數 n $n = intval(trim(fgets(STDIN))); for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) { [$a, $b] = array_map('intval', explode(' ', trim(fgets(STDIN)))); echo ($a + $b) . PHP_EOL; } // 讀到 0 0 結束 while (($line = fgets(STDIN)) !== false) { [$a, $b] = array_map('intval', explode(' ', trim($line))); if ($a === 0 && $b === 0) break; echo ($a + $b) . PHP_EOL; } // 逗號分隔 $nums = array_map('intval', explode(',', trim(fgets(STDIN)))); echo array_sum($nums) . PHP_EOL; ``` ### Rust 格式片段 ```rust= use std::io::{self, Read}; fn main() { let mut input = String::new(); io::stdin().read_to_string(&mut input).unwrap(); // 第一行指定資料筆數 n { let mut it = input.split_whitespace(); let n: usize = it.next().unwrap().parse().unwrap(); for _ in 0..n { let a: i32 = it.next().unwrap().parse().unwrap(); let b: i32 = it.next().unwrap().parse().unwrap(); println!("{}", a + b); } } // 讀到 0 0 結束 { let mut it = input.split_whitespace(); while let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (it.next(), it.next()) { let a: i32 = a.parse().unwrap(); let b: i32 = b.parse().unwrap(); if a == 0 && b == 0 { break; } println!("{}", a + b); } } // 逗號分隔 let sum: i32 = input.trim().split(',').map(|x| x.parse::<i32>().unwrap()).sum(); println!("{}", sum); } ``` ### Go 格式片段 ```go= // 第一行指定資料筆數 n var n, a, b int fmt.Scan(&n) for i := 0; i < n; i++ { fmt.Scan(&a, &b) fmt.Println(a + b) } // 讀到 0 0 結束 for { if _, err := fmt.Scan(&a, &b); err != nil { break } if a == 0 && b == 0 { break } fmt.Println(a + b) } // 逗號分隔 scanner := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin) scanner.Scan() sum := 0 for _, part := range strings.Split(scanner.Text(), ",") { n, _ := strconv.Atoi(part) sum += n } fmt.Println(sum) ``` ### JavaScript 格式片段 ```javascript= // 第一行指定資料筆數 n const data = require('fs').readFileSync(0, 'utf8').trim().split(/\s+/).map(Number); let idx = 0; const n = data[idx++]; for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) { const a = data[idx++]; const b = data[idx++]; console.log(a + b); } // 讀到 0 0 結束 for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i += 2) { const a = data[i]; const b = data[i + 1]; if (a === 0 && b === 0) break; console.log(a + b); } // 逗號分隔 const nums = require('fs').readFileSync(0, 'utf8').trim().split(',').map(Number); console.log(nums.reduce((sum, num) => sum + num, 0)); ``` ### TypeScript 格式片段 ```typescript= declare const require: any; // 第一行指定資料筆數 n const data: number[] = require('fs').readFileSync(0, 'utf8').trim().split(/\s+/).map(Number); let idx = 0; const n = data[idx++]; for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) { const a = data[idx++]; const b = data[idx++]; console.log(a + b); } // 讀到 0 0 結束 for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i += 2) { const a = data[i]; const b = data[i + 1]; if (a === 0 && b === 0) break; console.log(a + b); } // 逗號分隔 const nums: number[] = require('fs').readFileSync(0, 'utf8').trim().split(',').map(Number); console.log(nums.reduce((sum, num) => sum + num, 0)); ``` ### Kotlin 格式片段 ```kotlin= // 第一行指定資料筆數 n val n = readLine()!!.trim().toInt() repeat(n) { val nums = readLine()!!.trim().split(" ").map { it.toInt() } println(nums[0] + nums[1]) } // 讀到 0 0 結束 while (true) { val nums = readLine()!!.trim().split(" ").map { it.toInt() } if (nums[0] == 0 && nums[1] == 0) break println(nums[0] + nums[1]) } // 逗號分隔 val sum = readLine()!!.split(",").map(String::toInt).sum() println(sum) ``` ### Swift 格式片段 ```swift= // 第一行指定資料筆數 n let n = Int(readLine()!)! for _ in 0..<n { let nums = readLine()!.split(separator: " ").map { Int($0)! } print(nums[0] + nums[1]) } // 讀到 0 0 結束 while let line = readLine() { let nums = line.split(separator: " ").map { Int($0)! } if nums[0] == 0 && nums[1] == 0 { break } print(nums[0] + nums[1]) } // 逗號分隔 let sum = readLine()!.split(separator: ",").map { Int($0)! }.reduce(0, +) print(sum) ``` ### VB .NET 格式片段 :::info 以下 VB .NET 片段以 Ubuntu 22.04 的 Mono 測試,套件為 `mono-devel` 與 `mono-vbnc`。`vbnc` 較舊,請避免使用較新的 VB 語法或 LINQ lambda 寫法。 ::: ```vbnet= ' 第一行指定資料筆數 n Dim n As Integer = Integer.Parse(Console.ReadLine()) For i As Integer = 0 To n - 1 Dim parts() As String = Console.ReadLine().Split(" "c) Dim a As Integer = Integer.Parse(parts(0)) Dim b As Integer = Integer.Parse(parts(1)) Console.WriteLine(a + b) Next ' 讀到 0 0 結束 Dim line As String = Console.ReadLine() While line IsNot Nothing Dim parts() As String = line.Split(" "c) Dim a As Integer = Integer.Parse(parts(0)) Dim b As Integer = Integer.Parse(parts(1)) If a = 0 AndAlso b = 0 Then Exit While Console.WriteLine(a + b) line = Console.ReadLine() End While ' 逗號分隔 Dim parts() As String = Console.ReadLine().Split(","c) Dim sum As Integer = 0 For Each part As String In parts sum += Integer.Parse(part) Next Console.WriteLine(sum) ``` ### C# 格式片段 :::info 以下 C# 片段以 Ubuntu 22.04 的 Mono `mcs` 測試。 ::: ```csharp= // 第一行指定資料筆數 n int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine()); for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { int[] nums = Console.ReadLine().Split().Select(int.Parse).ToArray(); Console.WriteLine(nums[0] + nums[1]); } // 讀到 0 0 結束 string line; while ((line = Console.ReadLine()) != null) { int[] nums = line.Split().Select(int.Parse).ToArray(); if (nums[0] == 0 && nums[1] == 0) break; Console.WriteLine(nums[0] + nums[1]); } // 逗號分隔 int sum = Console.ReadLine().Split(',').Select(int.Parse).Sum(); Console.WriteLine(sum); ``` ### Ruby 格式片段 ```ruby= # 第一行指定資料筆數 n n = STDIN.gets.to_i n.times do a, b = STDIN.gets.split.map(&:to_i) puts a + b end # 讀到 0 0 結束 STDIN.each_line do |line| a, b = line.split.map(&:to_i) break if a == 0 && b == 0 puts a + b end # 逗號分隔 nums = STDIN.gets.split(',').map(&:to_i) puts nums.sum ``` ## 範例輸入資料 ```= 22 1 23 1 24 1 ``` ## 範例輸出資料 ```= 23 24 25 ``` --- ## 前一版簡單範例程式碼 ### Python 程式碼 :::danger Windows 上 Python會有些功能無法與其他OS產生相同結果 請勿使用字串檔案路徑,請使用例如`os`等內建函式庫 ::: `main.py` ```python= import sys for line in sys.stdin.read().splitlines(): # splitlines 會去除不同OS的換行符號 nums = [int(num) for num in line.split()] # nums = map(int, line.split()) print(sum(nums)) ``` `$ python main.py < in.txt` ### Java 程式碼 `Main.java` ```java= import java.util.Scanner; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); while (scanner.hasNextLine()) { String input = scanner.nextLine().strip(); String[] nums = input.split(" "); Integer result = 0; for(String s: nums) { result += Integer.parseInt(s); } System.out.println(result); } scanner.close(); } } ``` `$ javac Main.java` `$ java Main < in.txt` ### C 程式碼 `main.c` ```c= #include<stdio.h> int main(){ int a, b; while(!feof(stdin) && scanf("%d %d", &a, &b)){ printf("%d\n", a+b); } } ``` `$ gcc main.c -o main` `$ ./main < in.txt` ### C++ 程式碼 `main.cpp` ```cpp= #include<iostream> using namespace std; int main(){ int a, b; while(cin >> a >> b){ cout << a + b << endl; } } ``` `$ g++ main.cpp -o main` `$ ./main < in.txt` ### PHP 程式碼 `main.php` ```php= <?php $handle = fopen('php://stdin', 'r'); while($line = fgets($handle)){ [$a, $b] = explode(' ', $line); echo intval($a) + intval($b); echo PHP_EOL; } ``` ```php= <?php $data = explode(PHP_EOL, trim(stream_get_contents(STDIN))); foreach ($data as $item) { [$a, $b] = explode(' ', $item); echo (intval($a) + intval($b)) . PHP_EOL; } ``` `$ php main.php < in.txt` ### Rust 程式碼 > main.rs ```rust= use std::io; use std::io::BufRead; fn main() { for line in io::stdin().lock().lines() { let input = line.unwrap(); let nums: Vec<&str> = input.trim().split(' ').collect(); let result: i32 = nums .into_iter() .map(|x| x.parse::<i32>().unwrap()) .sum(); println!("{}", result); } } ``` `$ cargo build` `$ cargo run < in.txt` ### Go 程式碼 ```go= package main import ( "bufio" "fmt" "log" "os" "strconv" "strings" ) func main() { scanner := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin) for scanner.Scan() { result := 0 numbers := strings.Fields(scanner.Text()) for _, num := range numbers { n, _ := strconv.Atoi(num) result += n } fmt.Println(result) } if scanner.Err() != nil { log.Fatalln("Scanner Fail.") } } ``` ### Javascript 程式碼 `main.js` ```javascript= process.stdin.resume(); process.stdin.setEncoding('utf8'); process.stdin.on('data', processLine => { processLine.toString('utf-8').split('\n') .map(x => x.trim()) .filter(x => !!x) .map(data => { console.log(data.split(' ').reduce((x, y) => +x + +y)) }) }) ``` `$ node main.js < in.txt` ### Typescript 程式碼 <!-- :::info - Deno 1.0 ::: ```typescript= const buf = new Uint8Array(1024); const n = await Deno.stdin.read(buf); if (n !== null) { const lines = new TextDecoder().decode(buf.subarray(0, n)); lines.split('\n') .map(x => x.trim()) .filter(x => !!x) .map(data => { console.log(data.split(' ').reduce((x, y) => +x + +y, 0)); }) } ``` `$ deno run main.ts < in.txt` --> :::info `$ npm install -g typescript` > tsc ::: `main.ts` ```typescript= declare const process: any; process.stdin.resume(); process.stdin.setEncoding('utf8'); process.stdin.on('data', processLine => { processLine.toString('utf-8').split('\n') .map(x => x.trim()) .filter(x => !!x) .map(data => { console.log(data.split(' ').map(i => +i).reduce((x, y) => x + y)) }); }); ``` `$ tsc main.ts --outFile maints.js` `$ node maints.js < in.txt` ### Kotlin 程式碼 ```kotlin= fun main() { generateSequence(::readLine) .map { it.split(" ").map(String::toInt).sum() } .forEach(::println) } ``` ### Swift 程式碼 ```swift= import Foundation while let line: String = readLine() { let result: Int = line.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) .split(separator: " ") .map{Int($0)!} .reduce(0, +) print(result) } ``` `$ swift main.swift < in.txt` ### VB .Net 程式碼 :::info - Mono VB for Linux - Ubuntu 22.04 可安裝 `mono-devel` 與 `mono-vbnc` ::: :::danger Mono VB compiler `vbnc` 較舊,請避免使用較新的 VB 語法或 LINQ lambda 寫法。 ::: `main.vb` ```vbnet= Imports System Module Module1 Sub Main() While True Dim Input As String = Console.ReadLine() If Input Is Nothing Then Exit While Dim Parts() As String = Input.Split(" "c) Dim A As Integer = Integer.Parse(Parts(0)) Dim B As Integer = Integer.Parse(Parts(1)) Dim Output As Integer = A + B Console.WriteLine(Output) End While End Sub End Module ``` ```shell= $ vbnc main.vb -out:main.exe $ mono main.exe < in.txt ``` ### C# 程式碼 :::info - Mono C# for Linux ::: `main.cs` ```csharp= using System; using System.Linq; public class Test { public static void Main() { string line = Console.ReadLine(); while(line != null){ int[] nums = line.Split(' ').Select(x => Int32.Parse(x)).ToArray(); Console.WriteLine(nums[0] + nums[1]); line = Console.ReadLine(); } } } ``` ```shell= $ mcs main.cs -out:main.exe $ mono main.exe < in.txt ``` ### Ruby 程式碼 :::info - Ruby 2.5 ::: :::danger Windows 上 Ruby會有些功能無法正常運作 ::: `main.rb` ```ruby= ARGF.each do |input| puts input.split.map(&:to_i).sum end ``` `$ ruby main.rb < in.txt` 參考資料: > [Online Judge 常見的讀取方式 github jiangsir/PythonBasic](https://github.com/jiangsir/PythonBasic/blob/master/00.%20Online%20Judge%20%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E8%AE%80%E5%8F%96%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F.ipynb)

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