C.A.Lee
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    --- robots: index, follow tags: NCTU, CS, 共筆 lang: zh-tw dir: ltr breaks: true disqus: calee GA: UA-100433652-1 --- # 政治學--胡正光 **COURSE 0** - 以西方民主政治為主 - 理論:政治、國家、政府、民主、人權… - 實作:政治與道德、意識型態、政黨、政治參與、政治文化、利益團體… - 政治 == 經驗 == 社會 == 妥協的 != 最好的 - 獨立思考、批判思辨、益地關懷、公民意識、社會參與… - BOOK:圖解政治學 - 課堂表現:20%、期中:30%、期末:30%、作業:20% **CH 1** - 何謂政治 - Heywood:人們制定、維繫、修正其生活一班規則的活動 - Easton:價值的權威性分配 - Crick:**政治是在規則之下各種利益互相折衝的活動**,並依其對整個社群生存與福祉重要性的比重,來分配權力的大小 (ex 國防部) - Lasswell:政治就是權力,有能力透過任何手段以達成預期的結果 - Marx:某個階級的組織化全力,他是用來壓迫另一個階級的工具,是上層建築的一部分 - 如何區分權力與權威 - 權威 (authority) 是有具有正當性的 (legitimate) 權力 - 權威不僅是法律上,還有道德上 - 權力 (power) 有非常多種定義,但是最簡單的定義則為消除阻礙,達成目的的力量(?) (被行使人不願也得做) **CH 2** - 政治分析方法 - Almond & Powell 模型 - 三功能 - 系統功能 (社會化、甄補、溝通) - 過程功能 (利益表達、利益匯集、政策決定、政策執行) - 政策功能 (汲取、規範、分配) **CH 3 國家** - 起源 - 民族國家:歐洲在十七世紀脫離封建,出現「主權」一概念。 - 神學說 - 進化說 - 武力說 (國家是壟斷武力(所有暴力)的) - 契約說(設社會契約)   | ----------------------------------------- → 君王(霍布斯 Hobbes) - 自然狀態 | 把權力讓出來(社會契約)   | ----------------------------------------- → 政府(民主自由) - 基本要素 - 人民, 領體,政府, 主權 -> 人口, 領土, 政府, 與其它政府往來的能力(其他國家的承認) - 主權: - 對內:最高 - 對外:平等 - 法律上承認(國際法) - 國家理論 - 馬克思 :國家是資產階級壓迫無產階級的工具 - 多元主義:國家是開放(如政府職位、公務員……),並且是自由競爭的。(如多頭政治) - 國家角色 - 夜警式國家:國家僅負責維持最基本的社會秩序。 - 現幾乎已無此種形式的國家。因為面對國際競爭,國家得富強。 - 發展式國家:國家主導經濟,以發展經濟為主要目標。 - 許多新興國家(東南亞等)都屬這類。而當經濟發展停滯時,種族矛盾就會浮現(如新加坡)。 - 福利式國家:藉由賦稅改革與需求之創造,建立社會安全(福利)制度與發展經濟,使財富的分配更為公平。 - 西方國家。如英國,為因應工業化帶來的貧富差距和失業問題。 - 集體主義式國家:將全部經濟納入國家控制之下,採去揚棄資本主義與廢除私有財產之立場。 - 如前蘇聯。 - 極權主義式國家:國家的控制滲透到生活各層面,包括經濟、教育、文化、家庭,甚至思想。 - 祕密警察為此一政體之特徵。像納粹的蓋世太保(**GESTAPO**)、台灣戒嚴時的警備總部。 課堂觀賞影片:公民意識站起來(ETHOS)、南方公園 S19E03 **CH 4** - 總統制 - 美國 - 美國首創 - 人民 -> 總統, 內閣 - 內閣制 - 英國 - 歷史累積, 政治慣例 - 人民 -> 內閣 -> 內閣首長 - 元手無實權, - 雙首長 - 人民 -> 總統, 內閣 -> 內閣首長

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