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--- layout: post title: "「原创」关于中国民主化转型的四种观点" author: 懦夫斯基 date: 2019-11-23 tags: [原创, 国际关系, 理论, 民主化, 裴敏欣] from: https://web.archive.org/web/20191218023354/https://pincong.rocks/article/9308 hackmd: hWukrEImSnSEq0g6aW6Qgg comments: true --- **目标读者**:刚开始接触自由世界政治讨论,对政治理论几乎一无所知的新难民。 **传统解放进程论** (插一句吐槽,"自由化"这个词,似乎让人有些摸不着头脑,其实和"解放"是同一个词根,表达的是类似的意思。我个人喜欢在需要动词和名词时使用"解放",在需要形容词时使用"自由化"。) 随着经济的发展,市场规则不断完善,政治也会逐渐解放,最终走向民主。东亚的民主国家,例如韩国、台湾、泰国,都走了这一条路线。所以很多人认为,中国同为东亚国家,文化相近,应该也会如此发展。 在经济方面,中国保持了自由化政策,逐步放松政府政党对市场的控制,也就是党国语言中的"深化改革"。这一层面,党国自己的喉舌也从未停止大肆赞美,不必赘述。 在政治方面,也有人认为,自由化的力量在增加,有利于推动民主化转型: - 公民意识萌芽,越来越多的人开始意识到自己的权益。虽然很多人嘲笑所谓上访告状者,但是他们确实在维护自己的权利,形成了自下而上的压力,让政府不得不对民众诉求做出回应,负起责任。 - 技术的发展使得舆论空间得到扩张,新闻自由有了一定的生存空间,行使议政和监督功能。 - 自上而下的经济改革,事实上促成了集体决策制和法治的发展。 在习近平上台之前,这些都有很强的说服力,曾经是最主流的观点。此类观点的信奉者,构成了拥抱熊猫派的主体。 **威权主义进化论** 与传统解放进程支持者不同,另外一部分人,认为中共生命力顽强,其威权政府有很强的适应性和韧性,会灵活地适应经济制度的解放,保证中共对政权的掌控。这些人也列出三条论据。 - 第一,威权式政党最大的困境在于权力继承问题,而中共已经克服了这一点,通过不断修改规则、权力集中,形成了一个比较稳定的权力交替流程。同时,中共重视教育背景和干实事的能力,愿意接受技术官僚,保证了人才供应,形成了精英政治的氛围。 - 第二,新兴的社会精英中,知识分子和企业家通常是民主化的中坚力量,而中共成功对这两个团体实行了统战、收编。 - 第三,马列主义已经破产,中共统治正当性本来已经不存在,但是中共充分利用了民族主义或国家主义情绪,为自己的统治正当性背书,而这一点对都市年轻人格外有效。 也就是说,这一观点的支持者认为,中国几乎没有民主化的可能性,中共很可能长久地统治中华大地。 **暴毙论** 学界少有人接受,而大众传媒则格外偏好这一观点。 此理论支持者认为,中共面对政治腐败、道德沦丧、经济压力,已经失去了统治正当性和统治能力,不堪一击,随时会因为重大政治或经济动荡而迅速垮台。 **威权主义停滞论** 此观点与威权主义进化论类似,认为中共绝不愿意主动放弃权力,并会灵活地适应时代变化,不断为自己的统治正当性寻求背书,拆解潜在的自由化力量。 不同之处在于,停滞论支持者认为,中共的统治虽然能够进化,但其统治力量并没有顽强的生命力。可以承认,中共非常善于打压反政权力量,但这不能与其统治能力强划等号。换句话说,中共擅长打击和破坏,但并不擅长维持社会运行。 威权主义统治的体系中,基层统治者(例如村官、县长、市长)享有极大的权力,不需要负责任。基层统治者人数众多,中共不可能自上而下地控制每一个人。这些人肆意掠夺,对社会有毁灭性的打击作用。我们近年看到的乱象,包括环境污染、贪污、黑社会保护伞,都是基层失控的临床症状。 所谓"上面的意思是好的,是下面的人念坏了经",在中共看来,再正确不过。民主可以让民众监督基层统治者,法治可以用来约束基层统治者,中共不愿意采取最有效的约束方式,基层失控,咎由自取。 停滞论也与暴毙论不同,不认为中共大限已至,随时垮台。中共经验丰富,擅长镇压、控制、预防大规模、有组织的反抗运动;同时,经济发展的动量尚在:储蓄率高、对外贸易意愿高、人力流动性高(这里主要指进城务工、春运的现象)、鼓励创业......这些都可以对社会稳定起到正面效果。社会稳定的力量有很多,因此很难同时消失不见,更可能逐渐衰弱,维稳力量逐渐弱化。 我们也可以听到党国内部的声音,要求坚持深化改革。这不是作秀,而是党国知道,不能陷入停滞论描述的状态。 **民主国家对华政策变化** 在传统解放进程论信奉者占多数时,西方国家判定中国会民主化,融入世界,显然会积极与中国建立合作关系。 如果政策制定者持悲观态度,认为威权主义进化论有道理,中共的威权统治固若金汤,则会全面转向敌对关系。 停滞论在习近平上台后,越发受到认可。这一看法则为西方提供了第三种策略,"批判性合作"。这种合作方式,维持了以往在经济和政治领域的合作程度,不与中国彻底分裂;但与此同时,鼓励中国国内政治经济改革,则调整为最先考量的因素。 批判性合作,在几年前也许不容易解释,现在,《香港人权与民主法案》就是一个非常典型的例子。也就是说,经济合作不是要取消,但是要和普世价值捆绑起来: 想谈贸易,就不能镇压香港; 想要设公司,就要把内部知识产权改革拿出来; 小学生想吃糖,要先写作业。 我们作为自由化力量,今后的行动方针,要积极向国际发声,在民主国家采取批判性合作策略时,为其提供充足的题库。 参考资料: - [维基百科:Liberalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism) - [Pei, Minxin. "Is China's transition trapped and what should the West do about it?." (2007). ](https://www.fljs.org/content/china%E2%80%99s-transition-trapped-and-what-should-west-do-about-it) - [The End of Reform in China - Foreign Affairs](https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2015-06-04/end-reform-china) **难民迎新系列:** - [中文世界政治立场颜色一览](https://pincong.rocks/article/2821) - [左-右政治光谱及中共对其畸化](https://pincong.rocks/article/2881) - [微博爱国党盛行,我们无需痛恨,更无需绝望------自下而上的民主转型与临界点模型](https://pincong.rocks/article/6119) - [四中全会要开了,党内改革派能否有所作为?------自上而下的民主转型](https://pincong.rocks/article/6873) Content here ###### tags: `原创` `国际关系` `理论` `民主化` `裴敏欣`

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