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    # 選修物理下 第6、7、8、9章(電磁學)總複習 ###### tags: `高中物理` ## 電路學、電子學、電力學 ### A 物理量 #### 1. [電流強度](https://reurl.cc/3DjOEL)(簡稱電流)$I$ - 定義:單位時間內通過導線某一截面的電荷量,即$$\boxed{I=\dfrac{Q}{\Delta t}}。$$ - 單位:[安培](https://reurl.cc/rxQLGN) $\text{A}$,$1\text{ A}=\dfrac{1\text{ C}}{1\text{ s}}$ - 是SI制七個基本單位之一 #### 2. [電量](https://reurl.cc/MvbR5X) $Q$ - 定義:物體所帶電荷的量值。 - 單位:庫侖 $\text{C}$ #### 3. [電壓](https://reurl.cc/Qdj4A2) $V$ - 定義: - 單位: - 用於電路中不同場合下的別名: - 電位差 - 電壓降 - 路端電壓 - [電動勢](https://reurl.cc/qdOLDy) $\mathcal{E}$ #### 4. [電阻](https://reurl.cc/O1pvjA) $R$ - 定義: - 意義:一個物體對於電流通過的阻礙能力 - 電路元件兩端電壓及電流之比,即$$\boxed{R=\dfrac{V}{I}}。$$ - 單位:歐姆 $\Omega$ #### 5. [電阻率](https://reurl.cc/E7po1g) $\rho$ - 定義: - 意義:一種材質對於電流通過的阻礙能力(是材料本身的性質,與尺寸無關。) - 對一個單一材質導體,取長度為 $\ell$、截面積為 $A$ 的柱狀樣本,使電流均勻且垂直地通過截面,則電阻率為$$\boxed{\rho=R\dfrac{A}{\ell}}。$$ ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Resistivity_geometry.png =200x) - 單位:歐姆-公尺 $\Omega\text{-m}$ #### 6. [電能](https://reurl.cc/ex6D27) $E$ - 定義: - 單位: - SI制:焦耳 $\text{J}$ - 其他:千瓦小時 $\text{kW⋅h}$,量度電力常用的單位,即1度電的「度」。($1 \text{ kW⋅h}=3.6\times10^6\text{ J}$) #### 7. [電功率](https://reurl.cc/d0XDQ8) $P$ - 定義: - 在電路中消耗的功率 $P$ 定義為電流 $I$ 與電壓 $V$ 的乘積,即$$\boxed{P=IV},$$對歐姆元件可套用歐姆定律 $V=IR$,得到$$\boxed{P=\dfrac{V^2}{R}=I^2R}。$$ - 單位:瓦特 $\text{W}$ ### B 核心概念 #### 1. 模型 * [點電荷](https://reurl.cc/Mvb8o3)(point charge):帶有電荷的一個質點,不具有體積,是帶電粒子(charged particle)的理想模型。 * [導體](https://reurl.cc/z8MYk7)(conductor):能使電流導通的材料。 * 特性: 1. 靜電平衡時,導體內部電場為零。 2. 靜電平衡時,導體內部及表面電位完全相等 * [絕緣體](https://reurl.cc/AqKAlE)(insulator):難以使電流導通的材料。 #### 2. 電路 * 開路/斷路(open circuit):電路中測試點兩端的電阻無窮大的情況。 * 閉路/通路(closed circuit):電路中測試點兩端的電阻為有限值的情況。 * [短路](https://reurl.cc/QdjXk5)(short circuit):有兩種看法 * 電路中電位不同的兩點被電阻很小的導體接通的情況, * 測試點兩端的電阻為零的情況。 * 下圖為短路的例子: ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Short_circuit_examples.PNG) * 節點:任意兩條或多條支路的相交點 * 串聯電路 * 並聯電路 #### 3. 元件: * 導線 * 開關(switch) * 電路符號:![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/SPST-Switch.svg =100x) 或 ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/SPST-NC-Switch.svg =100x) * 電動勢源(source of emf) - 電化電池 - 太陽能電池 - 燃料電池 - 熱電裝置 - 電動機 * [電阻器](https://reurl.cc/ex6DEL)(resistor): * 電路符號:![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Resistor_symbol_America.svg =60x) 或 ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Resistor_symbol_IEC.svg =60x) * 外觀: ![](https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-u8eco68w/images/stencil/1280x1280/products/1662/5190/Carbon_Film_Resistors__96165.1521647557.jpg?c=2 =100x) * [可變電阻器/電位器](https://reurl.cc/vDe7e1)(variable resistor/potentiometer) * 電路符號: ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Potentiometer_symbol.svg =40x) 或 ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Potentiometer_symbol_Europe.svg =40x) * 外觀: ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Potentiometer.jpg =100x) * [變壓器](https://reurl.cc/D9dAXQ)(transformer) * 示意圖: ![](https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/trans65.gif?fit=479%2C188) #### 4. 分類: * 直流電(direct current,DC) * 交流電(alternating current,AC) #### 5. 儀表: * 伏特計、電壓計(voltmeter) * 電路符號:![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Voltmeter_symbol.png =40x) * 安培計、電流計(ammeter) * 電路符號:![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Ammeter.png =40x) * [檢流計](https://reurl.cc/1x21Mm)(galvanometer):用於測量微弱電流的電流計 * 示意圖: ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Galvanometer_scheme.png =150x) #### 6. 發輸配電系統 * 發電(generation) * 輸電(transmission) * 使用高壓電輸電的理由?降低耗能 * 配電(distribution) * 臺灣家用電源規格:110V(少數220V)、60Hz、插座/插頭A、B型 ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Electricity_grid_simple-_North_America.svg) ### C 重要定律 #### 1. [歐姆定律](https://reurl.cc/Qdj48O)(Ohm's law,1827) :::warning 導電體兩端的電壓 $V$ 與通過導電體的電流強度 $I$ 成正比,比例常數 $R$ 為電阻,即$$\boxed{V=IR}。$$ ::: 凡是遵守歐姆定律的元件都稱為「歐姆元件」,其電阻與電流、電壓無關。 #### 2. [克希荷夫電路定律](https://reurl.cc/V6j895)(Kirchhoff Circuit Laws,1845) * 克希荷夫電流/第一/節點定律 ::: warning 所有進入某節點的電流的總和等於所有離開這節點的電流的總和,即$$\displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^n i_k=0,$$其中 $n$ 為連接該節點的支路數目,$i_k$ 為流入或流出該節點的第 $k$ 條支路的電流。 ::: 此定律等價於電荷守恆定律。 * 克希荷夫電壓/第二/迴路定律 :::warning 沿著閉合迴路所有元件兩端的電位差的代數和等於零,即$$\displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^m v_k=0,$$其中 $m$ 是閉合迴路上元件的數目, $v_k$ 為第 $k$ 個元件的端電壓。 ::: 此定律等價於能量守恆定律。 ## (古典)電磁學、(古典)電動力學 ### A 物理量 #### 1. [電場力](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4#%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4%E5%8A%9B) $\mathbf{F}_e$ - 定義:電荷置於電場中所受到的作用力 - 單位:牛頓($\text{N}$) #### 2. [電場強度](https://reurl.cc/D9dXnN) (簡稱電場)$\mathbf{E}$ - 定義: - 概念化:[電場線](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4#%E7%94%B5%E5%9C%BA%E7%BA%BF)密度——單位體積內的「淨」電場線數量 - 在電場中某一點置一試驗電荷 $+q$,則其所受的力 $\mathbf{F}$ 與 $1/q$ 的純量乘積為$$\boxed{\mathbf{E}=\dfrac{\mathbf{F}}{q}}。$$ - 單位: - SI制:牛頓/庫侖 $\text{N}/\text{C}$ 或 伏特/公尺 $\text{V}/\text{m}$ - 來源: - 靜電荷 - 時變磁場 #### 3. [電位能](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%BF%E8%83%BD) $U$ - 定義: 1. 在均勻電場 $\mathbf{E}=E\hat{\mathbf{i}}$ 中將試驗電荷 $q$ 從 $x=a$ 位置遷移到 $x=b$ 位置所需要做的機械功就是位能差 $U(b)-U(a)$,即$$\boxed{\Delta U=U(b)-U(a)=F_x(b-a)=-qE(b-a)},$$移動過程中,施加的外力 $\mathbf{F}$ 必須恰好抵銷電荷所受的靜電力 $q\mathbf{E}$。 2. 一般來說,在電場 $\mathbf{E}$ 中將電荷 $q$ 從 $\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{a}$ 位置遷移到 $\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{b}$ 位置所需要做的機械功就是位能差 $U(\mathbf{b})-U(\mathbf{a})$,即$$\Delta U=U(\mathbf{b})-U(\mathbf{a})=\int_{\mathbf{a}}^{\mathbf{b}} \mathbf{F}\cdot d\mathbf{r}=-\int_{\mathbf{a}}^{\mathbf{b}} q\mathbf{E}\cdot d\mathbf{r}$$ - 單位:焦耳($\text{J}$) - 註:電位能的數值不具有絕對意義,只有相對意義,所以需要設定一個電位為零的參考系統。通常選取電荷相距無窮遠的系統,將電位設定為0。 #### 4. [電位](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E4%BD%8D) $V$ 或 $\phi$ - 定義: 1. 每單位電荷處於電場中所具有的電位能,即$$\boxed{V=\dfrac{U}{q}}$$ 2. 在均勻電場 $\mathbf{E}=E\hat{\mathbf{i}}$ 中,在任兩個位置 $x=a$ 和 $x=b$ 之間的電位差為 $$\boxed{\Delta V=E(b-a)}$$ 3. 一般來說,電場 $\mathbf{E}$ 中任兩個位置 $\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{a}$ 和 $\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{b}$ 之間的電位差為$$\Delta V=-\int_{\mathbf{a}}^{\mathbf{b}} \mathbf{E}\cdot d\mathbf{r}$$ - 單位:伏特 $\text{V}$ - 註: 1. 電位和電位能一樣,數值不具有絕對意義,所以需要設定一個電位為零的參考系統。 2. 基於一些傳統,符號 $V$ 可以指電位或電位差而不至於混淆,若要區別時,把電位差記做 $\Delta V$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/EugIsTV.png) #### 5. 磁力 $\mathbf{F}_m$ - 定義: 磁體(能產生磁場的物體)間的相互作用,它通常指的是 1. ==勞倫茲力的磁部分==,也有可能是指 2. 載流導線在靜磁場中所受的力 3. 兩平行載流導線之間的作用力——安培力 - 單位:牛頓 $\text{N}$ #### 6. [磁場](https://reurl.cc/nzE7jv) $\mathbf{B}$ - 定義: - 概念化:磁場線密度——單位體積內的「淨」磁場線數量 - 單位: - SI制:[特斯拉](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89) $\text{T}$ - cgs制:[高斯](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)) $\text{Gs}$ ($1\text{ G}=1\times 10^{-4}\text{ T}$) - 來源 - 永久磁鐵 - 電磁鐵 - 電流 - 載流導線,例如:$\boxed{B=\dfrac{\mu_0I}{2\pi s}}$ - 載流線圈,例如:$\boxed{B=\dfrac{\mu_0I}{2R}}$ - [螺線管](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9E%BA%E7%B7%9A%E7%AE%A1):$\boxed{B=\mu_0 nI}$ - [亥姆霍茲線圈](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E8%8C%B2%E7%B7%9A%E5%9C%88) $B=\left(\dfrac{4}{5}\right)^{3/2}\dfrac{\mu_0 nI}{R}$ - 時變電場 #### 7. [磁通量](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%80%9A%E9%87%8F) $\Phi_B$ - 定義: - 概念化:單位面積通過的「淨」磁場線數量 - 數學描述:若均勻磁場 $\mathbf{B}$ 以任意角度 $\theta$ 通過一個面積向量為 $\mathbf{A}$ 的平面,則磁通量為 $$\boxed{\Phi_B=\mathbf{B}\cdot\mathbf{A}=BA\cos\theta}。$$對於任意曲面 $\mathcal{S}$,可把曲線分割為無限多微小平面,總磁通量為所有小平面的加總,即曲面積分$$\Phi_B=\iint_{\mathcal{S}}\mathbf{B}\cdot d\mathbf{A}。$$ - 單位: - SI制:[韋伯](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)) $\text{Wb}$($1\text{ Wb}=1\text{ T}\cdot 1 \text{ m}^2$) - cgs制:[馬克士威](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)) $\text{Mx}$($1\text{ Mx}=1\times 10^{-8}\text{ Wb}$) ### B 核心概念 #### 1. 模型: * 場(field) * [場線](https://reurl.cc/pdWL9Q)(field line):1851年法拉第提出的概念 * 電場線 * 磁場線 一些場線模擬的網站: * 電場線:[網站1](http://hsilomedus.me/wp-content/uploads/d3electricField/electricField.html)、[網站2](http://flashphysics.org/electricField.html)、[網站3](https://www.falstad.com/vector3de/)、[網站4](https://academo.org/demos/electric-field-line-simulator/) * 磁場線:[網站1](https://www.falstad.com/vector3dm/) #### 2. 數學表述 * 向量 * 向量運算 * 向量加法 * 純量積、內積、點積 * 向量積、外積、叉積 #### 3. 分支 * 靜電學(electrostatics) * 靜磁學(magnetostatics) * 電動力學(electrodynamics) #### 4. 現象 * 電磁感應 * 電流磁效應 ### C 重要定律、方程式、公式 #### 1. [庫侖定律](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B)(Coulomb's law,1785) ::: warning 給定兩個電量分別為 $q_1$、$q_2$ 的點電荷,將 $q_1$ 固定於原點 $O$,將 $q_2$ 固定於位置 $\mathbf{r}$,則 $q_1$ 施加給$q_2$ 的電場力 $\mathbf{F}$ 滿足 $$\boxed{\mathbf{F}=\dfrac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0}\dfrac{q_1q_2\hat{\mathbf{r}}}{r^2}},$$ 其中: - [庫侖常數](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0) $k_e=1/4\pi\epsilon_0$ - $\epsilon_0$ 為[真空電容率](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%94%B5%E5%AE%B9%E7%8E%87) - $\hat{\mathbf{r}}$ 為 向量 $\mathbf{r}$ 的單位向量, - $r$ 為 向量 $\mathbf{r}$ 的量值。 ::: #### 2. [必歐-沙伐定律](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E5%A5%A5-%E8%90%A8%E4%BC%90%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B)(Biot-Savart Law,1820) ::: warning 設定一段固定於原點 $O$ 的載流微小線元素,其作用於一點 $\mathbf{r}$ 的微小磁場 $d\mathbf{B}$ 滿足$$\boxed{d\mathbf{B}=\dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\dfrac{Id\boldsymbol\ell\times \hat{\mathbf{r}}}{r^2}},$$ 其中: - $I$ 為通過微小線元素的電流強度, - $d\boldsymbol\ell$ 是微小線元素向量,其方向為電流方向, - $\hat{\mathbf{r}}$ 為 向量 $\mathbf{r}$ 的單位向量, - $r$ 為 向量 $\mathbf{r}$ 的量值。 純量形式為$$\boxed{dB=\dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\dfrac{Id\ell \sin\theta}{r^2}}。$$ ::: 1. [安培力定律](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B)(1825) ::: warning 設定兩條細直、無限長、固定的、相互平行的載流導線,則在自由空間內,任意一條導線施加於對方的「每單位長度作用力」 $f_m$ 為$$\boxed{f_m=\dfrac{\mu_0I_1I_2}{2\pi r}},$$ 其中: - $I_1$、$I_2$ 分別是載於兩導線的電流強度, - $r$ 是兩條導線之間的垂直距離。 ::: 2. [安培環路定律](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9%E7%8E%AF%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B)(1826) 1. **載流長直導線**在空間中任一點的磁場為 $\boxed{\mathbf{B}=\dfrac{\mu_0I}{2\pi s}\hat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}},\tag{A}$其中: - $I$ 為電流強度,電流方向為 $+z$,就是安培右手定則中拇指的方向。 - $s$ 為徑向距離, - $\hat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}$ 為周向(azimuthal)單位向量,就是安培右手定則中四指的方向。 2. **載流圓形線圈**在圓心的磁場為 $\boxed{\mathbf{B}=\dfrac{\mu_0I}{2R}\hat{\mathbf{z}}},\tag{A}$其中: - $I$ 為電流強度,電流方向為 $+\theta$, - $R$ 為線圈半徑, - $\hat{\mathbf{z}}$ 為軸向(axial)單位向量。 3. **載流圓形線圈**在軸向上的磁場為 $\boxed{\mathbf{B}=\dfrac{\mu_0IR^2}{2(R^2+z^2)^{3/2}}\hat{\mathbf{z}}},\tag{A}$其中: - $I$ 為電流強度,電流方向為 $+\theta$, - $R$ 為線圈半徑, - $z$ 為軸上的點到線圈圓心的距離, - $\hat{\mathbf{z}}$ 為軸向(axial)單位向量。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/kTAnUA4.png)[圖片來源](https://reurl.cc/GVoo1v) 4. **螺線管**造成的磁場為 $\boxed{\mathbf{B}=\mu_0 nI\hat{\mathbf{z}}},\tag{A}$其中: - $I$ 為電流強度,方向為 $+\theta$, $n$ 為單位長度內的線圈匝數。 - $\hat{\mathbf{z}}$ 為軸向(axial)單位向量。 ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg) #### 3. [法拉第電磁感應定律](https://reurl.cc/NjpG5x)(Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction,1831) ::: warning 「一個閉合迴路中的電動勢 $\mathcal{E}$ 量值」就是「該閉合迴路所圍之曲面的磁通量 $\Phi_E$」的時變率,電動勢的方向(公式中的負號)由[冷次定律]()提供。即$$\boxed{\mathcal{E}=-\dfrac{d\Phi_E}{dt}}。$$ ::: #### 4. [馬克士威方程組](https://reurl.cc/WdkDa7)(Maxwell's equations,1861) 由四個方程式的重新表述組成: 1. 庫侖定律的延伸——高斯定律 2. 高斯定律的磁版本——高斯磁定律 3. 法拉第電磁感應定律 4. 安培環路定律的修正——馬克士威-安培定律 ![](https://i.imgur.com/C5RRzGC.png) #### 5. [勞倫茲力](https://reurl.cc/oLe0QQ)(Lorentz force,1892) ::: warning 運動於電磁場中、帶有電量 $q$ 的點電荷,其受力為$$\boxed{\mathbf{F}=q(\mathbf{E}+\mathbf{v}\times\mathbf{B})},$$ 其中: - $\mathbf{v}$ 電荷運動的速度, - $\mathbf{E}$ 為電場強度, - $\mathbf{B}$ 為磁感應強度(磁場)。 ::: #### 6. 守恆定律 1. 電荷守恆定律 2. 能量守恆定律 ### D 應用 #### 1. 電動機、馬達(motor) #### 2. 發電機(generator) ![](https://i.imgur.com/cXf28hj.jpg) [參考資料](http://www.excelatphysics.com/ac-generators.html)

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