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    [原資料專欄](https://hackmd.io/-lpv2lY6SKOZiMWKDFaXRw) # 生活科技課小論文 ## 阿克曼轉向機構的研究與實作_自走車實作 --- ## (一)前言: ### 研究動機: 近來短影片盛行,網路上的Maker陸陸續續把自己的實作作品發佈到網路上,跟各位創客界的大家庭交流。觀看了許多影片,發現運用Arduino的載具基本上都是使用兩輪驅動,用最簡單的方式實作「轉方向」這個動作,但是在車水馬龍的大馬路上跑的卻不是「兩輪車」;因此我開始思考為何我在小時候玩的玩具車的轉向方式。經過搜尋後發現小時候的遙控車的轉向方式幾乎都是使用「阿克曼轉向結構」來達成轉彎的動做。所以我決定著手研究「阿克曼轉向結構」並在最後做出一台自走車。 ### 研究目的: 在完成阿克曼轉向系統的軟體和硬體實作後,我們進行了一系列實際測試和應用,還整合了馬達驅動和控制電路,以確保底盤能夠根據軟體計算的參數進行準確的運動,能夠透過紅外線的傳輸,在複雜的環境中進行準確的轉向,從而實現靈活的轉向,這顯示了阿克曼轉向系統在自主移動機器人中的應用價值。 --- ## (二)文獻探討: 了解阿克曼轉轉向機構 阿克曼轉向機構是一種讓車子轉彎時更順暢的裝置,它可以讓前面的輪子在不同的角度轉動,這樣就不會讓車子在轉彎時打滑或滑出去。阿克曼轉向機構是根據一個叫做阿克曼的人提出的理論來設計的,這個理論說,在轉彎時,最裡面的輪子和最外面的輪子的中心點應該在同一條直線上,這條直線叫做阿克曼線。阿克曼轉向機構通常是用一根棒子來做的,這根棒子一頭連接方向盤,另一頭分別連接左右前輪的轉動部分,並且讓左右前輪的轉動角度有一定的比例關係。 阿克曼轉向機構跟其他讓車子轉彎的裝置有什麼不一樣呢?一般來說,其他的裝置都是讓前面的輪子保持相同的轉動角度,而不管阿克曼的理論。這樣做的結果是,在轉彎時,最裡面的輪子和最外面的輪子的速度和半徑不一樣,會產生側向力,讓車子滑動或打滑。這不僅會讓車子轉彎不靈活,還會讓輪胎更容易磨損和耗油。因此,阿克曼轉向機構是一種更符合自然規律和實際需求的裝置。 再用更簡單更詳細的方式來說明一下,阿克曼轉向機構是通過改變棒子的長度和角度來讓左右前輪有不同的轉動比例。棒子的一頭連接方向盤,另一頭分別連接左右前輪的轉動部分。當方向盤旋轉時,棒子會推或拉左右前輪的轉動部分,讓它們跟方向盤旋轉角度有一定比例的偏移。這個比例就是阿克曼比例,它決定了最裡面和最外面的輪子要轉多少度才能符合阿克曼理論。當阿克曼比例等於1時,表示最裡面和最外面的輪子都完全符合阿克曼理論;當阿克曼比例大於1時,表示最裡面和最外面的輪子都轉得太多;當阿克曼比例小於1時,表示最裡面和最外面的輪子都轉得太少。 阿克曼比例可以用下面這個公式來計算: $$ \alpha_{\text{Ack}} = \frac{L}{R} = \frac{\tan \beta_{\text{out}} - \tan \beta_{\text{in}}}{W} $$ ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1Rk7_BBa.png) --- ## (三)研究方法: ### 研究架構 ![阿克曼轉向機構的研究與實作_自走車實作](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkmDIOSST.png) ### 研究材料 1. 3D列印 2. 伺服馬達 3. 超音波感測器 4. TT馬達 5. L298N擴展版 6. Arduino版 7. 紅外線遙控器 8. 紅外線接收器 9. 電池 10. 電池盒 --- ## (四)研究分析與結果: 在硬體方面,我們利用Arduino UNO板來當作我們的主要處理器,並用紅外線遙控器和接收器來實現遙控,並遙控其輪胎轉速和轉向(阿克曼轉向系統)。我們運用伺服馬達加上四連桿來實現阿克曼轉向系統;動力系統則用L298N來驅動TT馬達並用PWM來實現其轉速操控。在實作時,遇到的問題主要有以下幾點: ### 不同車長對結構影響 考量自走車須搭載控制面版與馬達驅動模組,自走車的車體必須有一定的長度,並且車體須承載電磁等大重量的硬體設備,在原材料固定的情況下,可藉由改變車體長度影響受力形式,減少中心受力過重進而產生形變導致車身結構不平衡,下圖為不同車長與阿克曼轉向連接桿圖表。 ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SyZ9D5lmT.png) 中連桿長控制的是兩顆輪胎的距離,會改變下圖線段AB的距離,雖然不影響整理的結構轉向,但如果中連桿過長,需要旋轉的動力要更大,使用SG90會因為動力不足,空轉造成損壞。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkalf_Hra.png) ### 車輪高度 若使用一個大車底包覆所有機構:轉向輪是阿克曼轉向系統、動力輪是TT直流減速馬達,兩者會使輪胎轉軸離地高度不同,為了使輪胎轉軸離地高度一致將動力輪機構與低於車體,由於3D列印不同底座高度需使用支架,若大面積列印會使車座不平穩,所以解決辦法是把動力輪機構拆開,用螺帽當作輪胎高度的墊板。 ![IMG_20231123_112433](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkNtLHhVT.jpg) ![IMG_20231123_111359](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rk7iErhVa.jpg) ### 車體結構 綜合上面等在製作上遇到的所有問題,我們在車體方面車長控制在長度225mm、車高35mm,在符合阿克曼結構的同時,維持自走車應有的效率。 ___ 在軟體放面,先使用紅外線接收器來接收紅外線遙控器的代碼並把它轉換為數字來方便後續的動作判斷。我們使用遙控器上的方向鍵控制其前進、後退、左轉、右轉,並用數字鍵控制PWM進而改變輪胎轉速。在實作時主要遇到的問題偶以下幾點: ### 電源供應問題 原本我們打算使用2顆18650轉連也就是3.7V*2來驅動主控板和L298N,但在實際操作時,發現只要馬達一開始轉就會出現電力不足,造成無法進行下一個動作;因此,我們在外加一顆9V電池,專門來驅動Arduino板,而2顆18650來驅動L298N,這樣一來店員問就解決了! ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkKCAOSS6.png) ### 電線配置過於複雜以至於難找出問題癥結點 會造成短路而導致電子元件毀壞或更大的危險;由於上述問題,所以我們最終把正極和負極整分別整理成一條電線而避免上述「災難」發生 --- ### 阿克曼轉向自走車機構3D圖 ![t725](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByDBjH3E6.png) ![t725](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryntirhET.png) ![t725](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJ85jHn46.png) ![t725](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r18jjHn46.png) ![t725](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJi3srh4a.png) ![t725](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJ_e3rnNp.png) 程式碼: ```arduino= ///函式庫和腳位宣告 #include <IRremote.h> #define IR_RECEIVE_PIN 9 #include <Servo.h> #define pin 6 int b=0; Servo servo6; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); servo6.attach(pin); Serial.println("open"); IrReceiver.begin(IR_RECEIVE_PIN); pinMode(3, OUTPUT); pinMode(4, OUTPUT); servo6.write(90); // 旋轉到0度 } void loop() { int x=IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command; //輸出遙控器讀取值 if (IrReceiver.decode()) { IrReceiver.resume(); Serial.println(x); } //遙控器判斷執行動作 //前進 if (x==70) { Serial.println("Front"); digitalWrite(3, HIGH); digitalWrite(4,LOW); } //後退 if (x==21) { Serial.println("Back"); digitalWrite(4, HIGH); digitalWrite(3,LOW); } //右轉 if (x==67) { Serial.println("Right"); servo6.write(0); // 旋轉到0度 } //左轉 if (x==68) { Serial.println("Left"); servo6.write(180); // 旋轉到0度 } //停止 if (x==64) { Serial.println("Stop"); servo6.write(90); // 旋轉到0度 digitalWrite(3,LOW); digitalWrite(4,LOW); } if (x==66) { int a=random(0,1800); a=a%180; servo6.write(a); delay(100); } if (x==74) { if(b==180) { b=0; } b++; servo6.write(b); delay(100); } } ``` 在軟體放面,先使用紅外線接收器來接收紅外線遙控器的代碼並把它轉換為數字來方便後續的動作判斷。我們使用遙控器上的方向鍵控制其前進、後退、左轉、右轉,並用數字鍵控制PWM進而改變輪胎轉速。在實作時主要遇到的問題偶以下幾點: ### 成品圖 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJ7gruSBT.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJCv8urra.png) ![received_379841241142279](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Syc7LHh4a.jpg) ![received_333183729312676](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJv_IHnNp.jpg) ![IMG_20231123_112854](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJWTwSn4T.jpg) ![IMG_20231123_112804](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkfTPS3Ep.jpg) ![IMG_20231123_112738](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1zpwShEp.jpg) ![IMG_20231123_112721](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJMTDShVp.jpg) --- ## (五)研究結論與建議: 通過這次阿克曼轉向實作,我們深入了解了機器人轉向控制的原理和實現方法。藉由軟體和硬體的協同工作,我們成功地建立了一個可靠且靈活的阿克曼轉向系統,展示了其在實際應用中的優越性。這次實作不僅提升了我們的技術能力,還拓寬了我們對機器人控制系統的理解。 親自實作後我們有以下建議: - 紅外線如果在戶外控制易受到自然光線影響,控制波段遭到破壞 - 在結構設計時,將需要配線的控制面板移至上端,更方面理線 - 車體考量結構的同時,也可注意車體美感 - 使用藍芽、電信來遠端遙控,可實現探索機器人 - 電池盒放在車體的下方,使整體重心下放,增加穩定性 - 把控制面板移至上方,整理線更方便 --- ## (六)參考文獻: 運動駕駛解說 : 阿克曼轉向Ackerman steering https://reurl.cc/edr3Db 四輪驅動車輛之軌跡誤差自動修正-樊奕承 https://reurl.cc/Mye04K 阿克曼轉向幾何的設計原則及解決的問題 https://reurl.cc/GK1xnx McLaren Taipei https://reurl.cc/o5j1v5

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