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    # Leetcode刷題學習筆記--Two Pointers ## Introduction ### 使用two pointers在sorted array 在sorted array中尋找兩個值的和。 ```cpp vector<int> nums{1, 2, 4, 5, 7}; // 所有可能認兩個element的和 // 2,3,4,5,6,6,7,8,8,9,9,10,11,12,14 // 從最左邊和最右邊開始 int left = 0, right = nums.size() - 1; // {1}, 2, 4, 5, [7],就是選中所以組合的中間值 // 2,3,4,5,6,6,7,8,[8],9,9,10,11,12,14 // case 1如果left++,就是往比較大的值移動 // 2,3,4,5,6,6,7,8,8,[9],9,10,11,12,14 // case 2如果right--,就是往比較小的值移動 // 2,3,4,5,6,[6],7,8,8,9,9,10,11,12,14 // 所以靠移動left, right就可以快速找到任何想要的two sum while(left <= right) // 因為left和right可以一樣,使用等於 { int sum = nums[left] + nums[right]; if(sum == target) return true; else if(sum > target) --right; else ++left; } return false; ``` ## Problems ### [977. Squares of a Sorted Array(Easy)](https://leetcode.com/problems/squares-of-a-sorted-array/) 給一個遞增的array,輸出每個數字平方的遞增array。 使用兩個pointer,一個指向開頭,一個指向結尾,==因為這是一個遞增array,平方後的最大值只會出現在頭尾兩端==。 ```cpp= vector<int> sortedSquares(vector<int>& nums) { auto n = nums.size(); int i = 0, j = n - 1, k = n - 1; vector<int> ret(n); while(j > i) { if(abs(nums[i]) > abs(nums[j])) { ret[k--] = nums[i] * nums[i]; i++; } else { ret[k--] = nums[j] * nums[j]; j--; } } ret[0] = nums[i] * nums[i]; return ret; } ``` ### [922. Sort Array By Parity II(Easy)](https://leetcode.com/problems/sort-array-by-parity-ii/) 將偶數的index放偶數,把奇數的index放奇數。 >一樣使用兩個pointers來排列。一個指向偶數index,一個指向奇數index,如果偶數index不是偶數,奇數index不是奇數就進行交換。 ```cpp= vector<int> sortArrayByParityII(vector<int>& nums) { auto n = nums.size(); int i = 0, j = 1; while(i < n && j < n) { for(;i < n && nums[i] % 2 == 0; i+= 2); for(;j < n && nums[j] % 2 == 1; j+= 2); if(i >= n || j >= n) break; else swap(nums[i], nums[j]); } return nums; } ``` ### [15. 3Sum(Medium)](https://leetcode.com/problems/3sum/) 這是一題經典題。給你一個int的array nums找出,nums[i]+nums[j]+nums[k]的和為零。其中i<j<k。也就是i,j,和k不相等。 解題思路: > 1. 先把array排序。因為這樣使用two pointer來尋找會比較有效率。 > 2. 固定一個數字nums[i],則題目變為[two sum](https://leetcode.com/problems/two-sum/),nums[j] + nums[k] = -nums[i] > 3. 最後使用two pointer來找解答。 ```cpp= vector<vector<int>> threeSum(vector<int>& nums) { sort(nums.begin(), nums.end()); if(nums.empty() || nums.front() > 0 || nums.back() < 0) return {}; auto nsize = nums.size(); vector<vector<int>> res; for(int k = 0; k < nsize; ++k) { if(nums[k] > 0) break; // 因為排序過,後面數值皆為正 int target = 0 - nums[k]; int i = k + 1; // 從k的下一個 int j = nsize - 1;// 和從最後面找起 while(i < j) { if(nums[i] + nums[j] == target) { res.push_back({nums[k], nums[i], nums[j]}); // 跳過重複的數值 while (i < j && nums[i] == nums[i + 1]) ++i; while (i < j && nums[j] == nums[j - 1]) --j; ++i; --j; } else if(nums[i] + nums[j] > target) { // 因為和比較大,所以最大值減少 --j; } else { // 因為和比較小,所以最小值增加 ++i; } } } return res; } ``` ### [18. 4Sum(Medium)](https://leetcode.com/problems/4sum/) 和3sum類似,這次改成4sum,並且不可以有重複的答案。 > 1. 一樣用左右pointer分別來逼近答案。 > 2. 遇到一樣的數字則跳過. ```cpp= vector<vector<int>> fourSum(vector<int>& nums, int target) { vector<vector<int>> rtn; auto n = nums.size(); if(n < 3) return {}; sort(nums.begin(), nums.end()); for(int i = 0; i < n - 3; ++i) { // i 為第二個以後,遇到一樣的則跳過 if(i > 0 && nums[i] == nums[i - 1]) continue; for(int j = i + 1; j < n - 2; ++j) { // j為i + 2以後,遇到一樣的則跳過 if(j > i + 1 && nums[j] == nums[j - 1]) continue; int left = j + 1, right = n - 1; while(left < right) { long sum = (long)nums[i] + nums[j] + nums[left] + nums[right]; if(sum == target) { rtn.push_back({nums[i], nums[j], nums[left], nums[right]}); // 跳過下一個一樣的數字 while(left < right && nums[left] == nums[left + 1]) left++; while(left < right && nums[right] == nums[right - 1]) right--; left++; right--; } else if(sum < target) left++; else right--; } } } return rtn; } ``` ### [986. Interval List Intersections(Medium)](https://leetcode.com/problems/interval-list-intersections/) 給定兩個數列vector<vector<int>> firstList和secondList,求出兩個數列的交集。 例如: Input: + firstList = [[0,2],[5,10],[13,23],[24,25]], + secondList = [[1,5],[8,12],[15,24],[25,26]] Output: + [[1,2],[5,5],[8,10],[15,23],[24,24],[25,25]] ![986_example](https://assets.leetcode.com/uploads/2019/01/30/interval1.png) 解題思路 > 1. 列出所有的關係。 > 2. case 1 : secondList[j][start] 都在 firstList[i][start] 前面。 > 3. case 2 : secondList[j][start] 都在 firstList[i]中間。 > 4. case 3 : secondList[j][start] 都在 firstList[i][end] 後面。 > 5. 交集 = {max(firstList[i][start], secondList[j][start]), > min(firstList[i][end], secondList[j][end])} case 1 : ![](https://i.imgur.com/pAJy15f.png) case 2 : ![](https://i.imgur.com/1d4pM9Q.png) case 3 : ![](https://i.imgur.com/hQxqHEH.png) ```cpp= class Solution { int start = 0; int end = 1; public: vector<vector<int>> intervalIntersection(vector<vector<int>>& firstList, vector<vector<int>>& secondList) { auto L1 = firstList.size(); auto L2 = secondList.size(); // special case if(L1 == 0 || L2 == 0) return {}; vector<vector<int>> rtn; int i{0}, j{0}; while(i < L1 && j < L2) { // case 1-1 if(firstList[i][start] > secondList[j][end]) j++; // case 3-1 else if(secondList[j][start] > firstList[i][end]) i++; else { rtn.push_back({max(firstList[i][start], secondList[j][start]) ,min(firstList[i][end], secondList[j][end])}); // case 1-2, 1-3, 2-1 if(firstList[i][end] > secondList[j][end]) j++; // case 1-5, 2-3 else if(secondList[j][end] > firstList[i][end]) i++; // case 1-4, 2-2 else { i++; j++; } } } return rtn; } }; ``` ### [11. Container With Most Water(Medium)](https://leetcode.com/problems/container-with-most-water/) 給你一個數列,求出任兩個值中間可以儲存的水是最大值。 > 1. 因為最大的寬(right - left)是最左和最右的點{height[0], height[n - 1]}。 > 2. 下一個寬(right - left -1)有兩個可能,{height[0], height[n - 2]}和{height[1], height[n - 1]}。 > 3. 短邊往中間前進,可以得到最好的結果。 ```cpp= int maxArea(vector<int>& height) { int rtn = -1; int left = 0, right = height.size() - 1; do{ rtn = max(rtn, min(height[left], height[right]) * (right - left)); height[left] < height[right] ? left++ : right--; } while(left < right); return rtn; } ``` ### [75. Sort Colors(Medium)](https://leetcode.com/problems/sort-colors/) 給你一個vector<int> nums,其中數值只有0, 1, 2。照由小大到大排序。 > 1. 這一題可以有很多解法。最簡單就是統計0, 1, 2出現的次數,然後依序寫回nums。 > 2. 另一種使用two pointers,一個指向red(0)應該出現的位置,一個指向blue(2)應該出現的位置。另外使用另一個指標i來看是否需要交換位置。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/XJSkOAX.png) ```cpp= void sortColors(vector<int>& nums) { auto n = nums.size(); if(n == 1) return; int red = 0, blue = n - 1; for(int i = 0; i <= blue;) { if(nums[i] == 0) swap(nums[i++], nums[red++]); // i的位置不動,因為可能交換了0/1過來,需要重新判斷 else if(nums[i] == 2) swap(nums[i], nums[blue--]); else i++; } } ``` ### [941. Valid Mountain Array(Easy)](https://leetcode.com/problems/valid-mountain-array/) 給你一個vector<int>,試問這個是不是moutain array。 moutain array的定義是指存在一個top(i),使得左邊的數和右邊的數都小於top。 > 1. 使用two pointer從左右邊前進。 > 2. 如果兩個pointer相遇在非開始結尾的地方,就是motain array。 ```cpp= bool validMountainArray(vector<int>& arr) { auto n = arr.size(); if(n <= 2) return false; int left = 0, right = n - 1; while(left < n && arr[left] < arr[left + 1]) left++; while(right > 0 && arr[right] < arr[right - 1]) right--; if(left == 0 || left == n - 1) return false; else return left == right; } ``` ### [556. Next Greater Element III](https://leetcode.com/problems/next-greater-element-iii/) 找出比n還大的下一個最小的排列數。 ```cpp class Solution { // 沒有答案的數字為 54321 依序遞減的數字,因為這樣最大 // 例如 : (3)54321, 前面多了一個3 // 從後面尋找比3還大的數,就會找到4 // 把兩個數對調後, (4)53321 // 因為後面是遞增數列,必須改成遞減才是最小的數 // 所以變成 (4)12335 bool nextGreaterElement(string& s) { int sz = s.length(); // 從後面開始尋找突然變小的數 int i = sz - 2; while(i >= 0 && s[i] >= s[i + 1]) --i; if(i < 0) return false; // 找不到變小的數 // 從後面找比這個數還大的數 int j = sz - 1; while(j > i && s[j] <= s[i]) --j; swap(s[i], s[j]); // 對調 reverse(s.begin() + i + 1, s.end()); // 後面的數改成遞增,這樣才是最小的 return true; } public: int nextGreaterElement(int n) { string s = to_string(n); if(s.length() == 1) return -1; if(nextGreaterElement(s)) { long long val = stoll(s); return val > INT_MAX || val == n ? -1 : val; } else return -1; } }; ``` ### [1695. Maximum Erasure Value(Medium)](https://leetcode.com/problems/maximum-erasure-value/) 找出subarray的和為最大,並且subarray中的element不重複。 > 1. 因為subarray為連續的所以使用two-pointer。 > 2. 使用一個vector來記錄是否有重複的element。 > 3. 當有重複的element(val[nums[right]] > 1),則把left往前推進直到條件式消失。 ```cpp= int maximumUniqueSubarray(vector<int>& nums) { int sz = nums.size(); if(sz == 1) return nums[0]; vector<int> val(1e4 + 1); int maxans = 0, sum = 0, left = 0, right = 0; for(; right < sz; ++right) { sum += nums[right]; val[nums[right]]++; while(val[nums[right]] > 1) { sum -= nums[left]; val[nums[left++]]--; } maxans = max(maxans, sum); } return maxans; } ``` ### [838. Push Dominoes](https://leetcode.com/problems/push-dominoes/) 給你一個dominoes,和同時會從幾個地方往左或是右邊推,求最後的狀態。 > 一開始想要用queue來統計狀態轉移,不過好像很麻煩 > 當沒什麼頭緒的時候,應該先分析有幾種狀況。 > 1. L...L 或是 R...R 也就是兩邊都是一樣,這樣中間也一定是一樣。 > 2. L...R 往兩邊倒,中間不會影響。 > 3. R...L 往中間倒,則需知道中間'.'的個數是否為奇數,因為奇數的話中間還是'.',兩邊各為R和L。 > **前後加上'L' 和 'R'可以讓程式不用判斷邊界條件**。 ```cpp string pushDominoes(string dominoes) { string rtn{""}; string d = 'L' + dominoes + 'R'; for(int i = 0, j = 1; j < d.size(); ++j) { if(d[j] == '.') continue; if(i > 0) rtn += d[i]; int len = j - i - 1; // case 1 if(d[i] == d[j]) rtn += string(len, d[i]); // case 2 else if(d[i] == 'L' && d[j] == 'R') rtn += string(len, '.'); // case 3 else rtn += string(len / 2, 'R') + string(len % 2, '.') + string(len / 2, 'L'); i = j; } return oss.str(); } ``` ### [1574. Shortest Subarray to be Removed to Make Array Sorted](https://leetcode.com/problems/shortest-subarray-to-be-removed-to-make-array-sorted/) ```cpp class Solution { // 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 index // [1, 2, 3, 10], 4, [2, 3, 5], sz = 8 // r step1 : 找出r的位置,如果r == 0 就是不需要刪任何element // L --> step2 : L從0開始找,每找到一個就檢查是否可以和r接起來 // step3 : 接不起來就把r倒退,直到條件成立,儲存L~R之間長度的最小值 public: int findLengthOfShortestSubarray(vector<int>& nums) { int sz = nums.size(), right = sz - 1; // step1 : find out the right position while(right > 0 && nums[right] >= nums[right - 1]) --right; if(right == 0) return 0; int ans = right; // step2 : search left from index 0 to sz - 1 for(int left = 0; left < sz; ++left) { if(left > 0 && nums[left] < nums[left - 1]) break; // step3 : find a left then check if nums[left] <= nums[right] // if not back the right while(right < sz && nums[left] > nums[right]) ++right; ans = min(ans, right - left - 1); } return ans; } }; ``` ### [1498. Number of Subsequences That Satisfy the Given Sum Condition](https://leetcode.com/problems/number-of-subsequences-that-satisfy-the-given-sum-condition/) 找出所有subsequences的個數,符合最大值+最小值 <= target。 > 1. 因為是subsequence,所以可以先對nums做排序,不影響結果。 > 2. 因為只需知道最大值+最小值<=target,所以使用two pointer > 3. 最大最小值決定了,subsequence的個數就是中間值選或不選的個數。pow(2, right - left); ```cpp class Solution { // two sum, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] // 2, 3, 4, 5, [6], 7, 8, 9, 10 // 1 + 5就是中間值,right--就是往下,left++就是往上 public: int numSubseq(vector<int>& A, int target) { sort(A.begin(), A.end()); int res = 0, n = A.size(), l = 0, r = n - 1, mod = 1e9 + 7; // 因為pow(2, N) 會有int overflow // 所以先存在vector中 vector<int> pows(n, 1); for (int i = 1 ; i < n ; ++i) pows[i] = pows[i - 1] * 2 % mod; while (l <= r) { if (A[l] + A[r] > target) { r--; } else { res = (res + pows[r - l]) % mod; l++; } } return res; } }; ``` ###### tags: `leetcode` `刷題`

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